Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented severe challenges for European education, forcing an adjustment to distance learning and physical school closures. Many students have encountered problems with online learning, such as a lack of access to appropriate equipment and tools. Nevertheless, the pandemic has also been an opportunity to improve the education system and introduce new, more effective solutions. These changes concern not only the material side of learning but also the psychological one. The introduction of remote learning meant the need to adapt school statutes, expenditures, and educational strategies. Many European countries have introduced additional financial support. However, many others had to cut back on their education spending, which led to financial difficulties for schools and may harm the quality of teaching. Online learning has become a mainstream teaching method but has drawbacks, such as a lack of direct contact with the teacher and peers, technical difficulties, and social isolation. Nevertheless, research shows that the effectiveness of online learning is comparable to traditional teaching, and in some subjects, it may even prove to be better. For example, studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic have not shown significant differences in teaching outcomes in Poland.