Critical Thinking (CT) has a peculiar content, though it stems from informal logic. Moreover, CT also has several presuppositions, all of which are peculiar to CT. A significant number of these presuppositions are of a nonlogical character. Yet in order to continue the logical analysis in a sound way, it is crucial to take these presuppositions into account. In this paper, these presuppositions and preconditions will be set forth together with the reasons for identifying them. The paper is restricted to (...) the presuppositions which are not found in informal logic. Hence, essentially the preconditions regarding the debate and the preconditions regarding the abstraction of the argument will be the topics of consideration. The preconditions regarding the debate consist of pragmatic and semantic preconditions. In contrast, the preconditions regarding the abstraction of the argument are the principle of charity, the principle of loyalty, and linguistic and contextual awareness, which are all crucial for the application of these two principles. Moreover, for CT, a rational subject has a key importance, even if their rationality comes in degrees. The degree of rationality of such a rational subject is also considered, and the degree in question necessary for a sound argumentation is expressed in terms of a minimal degree of rationality. Furthermore, a problem set forth by Suvar Köseraif is taken into account. Moreover, it is asserted that this problem is essentially related to the abstraction of the argument from the context and especially related to linguistic and contextual awareness. (shrink)

Exploring the darkest side of organizations may have a potential to change our previous assumptions about business life. Scholars both in management and organizational research fields have shown interest in the "bright" side of behavioral life and have looked for the ways to create a positive organizational climate and assumed a positive relation between happiness of employees and productivity. These main assumptions of the Human Relations School have dominated the scientific inquiry on organizational behavior. However, "the dark side of organizational (...) life" may have more explanatory power than "the bright side". Hostility, jealousy, envy, rivalry, gossip, problematic personalities, dislike, revenge, and social exclusion are the realities of business life. A manager may devote most of their time to cope with conflicts, deviant behaviors, ambitious individuals, gossips, and dysfunctional rivalry among employees. It is evident that negative events and interactions among employees cost more time and energy for a manager than the positive side of organizational life. This edited collection specifically focuses on these issues and will be of interest to researchers, academics, and advanced students in the fields of management, organizational studies and behavior, sociology, social psychology, and human resource management. (shrink)

Bilim felsefesinin en temel problemlerinden biri olan sınırlandırma problemi belirli bir ölçüt vasıtası ile bilimi, bilimsel olmayan ya da sahte/sözde bilim olan etkinliklerden ayırt edip edemeyeceğimizi konu edinmektedir. Literatüre baktığımızda felsefeciler –özellikle bilim felsefecileri– bilimin doğasını karakterize etme girişiminde bulunurken bilim dilinin mantıksal yapısına ya da bilimin tarihsel süreçlerine odaklanarak, bilimi bilimsel olmayan ya da sahte-bilim olan etkinliklerden ayırt etmişlerdir. Bu çalışma ise farklı bir yaklaşım benimseyerek sınırlandırma problemine, felsefecilerin değil, bilim insanlarının perspektifi ile bakmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu sebeple alanında deneyimli (...) ve çeşitli bilim dallarında profesör olan otuz bilim insanı ile niteliksel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği uygulanmıştır. Bu görüşmeler aracılığıyla bilim insanlarının sınırlandırma problemi hususunda öne sürdükleri görüşler açığa çıkartılıp değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme neticesinde üç temel bulguya ulaşılmıştır. İlki, sınırlandırma problemine ilişkin sorularımıza bilim insanları tarafından getirilen yanıtların birçoğu temel felsefi yaklaşımlarla uyuşmaktadır. Elde ettiğimiz verileri farklı temalar altında analiz ettiğimiz bu çalışmada, sınırlandırma problemine dair yaygın felsefi görüşlerin, bilim insanlarının görüşleri ile anlamlı benzerlikler taşıdığı kısımlar vurgulanmıştır. İkincisi, sınırlandırma problemi ve bu problemlerle ilişkili diğer meseleler üzerinde felsefi olarak sağlanamayan uzlaşma, bilim insanları arasında da mevcuttur. Ne var ki bu ihtilaf dengeli bir biçimdedir, öyle ki benzer yanıtlara sahip olan bilim insanları baskın bir grup sayısına ulaşmamıştır. Üçüncü ve son olarak, bilim insanlarının bilim felsefesinin temel problemlerine yüksek oranda yabancı olduğu görülmektedir. Bu bulgu, her ne kadar nicel olmayan bir yolla ölçülmüşse de verilerin dikkatli analizi durumun bu yönde olduğunu göstermektedir. Tüm bu temel bulgular ışığında, genel değerlendirmemiz, farklı türden yapılandırılmış görüşmelerin çok daha detaylı sonuçlar temin edebileceğidir. (shrink)

Cinema is not only a space in which directors act with the aim of making art, but they also reflect their own testimonies and political perspectives; this study, which claims to be related to representation strategies that contain various interests and desires; It is of the opinion that different ideological approaches are reflected on the screen by political and cultural elites in line with the construction, legitimacy and movement of identities and images. In this study, which examines the Türkiye’nin Kalbi (...) Ankara movie, which was shot in the intense socio-political atmosphere of the 1930s and was shot to tell Turkey's nationalization process and modernization experience through the capital Ankara; the manifestation of the Turkish nation-building process in cinema is discussed through the relationship between nationalism and cinema. (shrink)

Now I know why so many stories have been written with the theme: “everything changed in one moment.” More than 1,000 days have come and gone, and I still remember one Sunday morning and still follow and feel the effects of one decision.

Ghazzālī, 1058-1111; views on behaviorism ; religious aspects; Islam.

Articles suggesting social irrelevance of Hindu philosophy and similarities between Buddhism and Marxism; Marxist viewpoints.

An analytical exposition of Hindu religion and philosophy.

Articles on Hindu religion, society, and philosophy.

يقوم هذا الكتاب على فكرة عميقة الدلالة والأثر، تقول فى بساطة ان الدين الاسلامى لا يقوم فقط على الحلال والحرام، وانما هناك معانى اكبر وحياة اشمل تكون بعد الابجديات التى تنظم حياة الفرد والمجتمع حلالا وحراما، فما اعظم القيم التى ثبتها هذا الدين فى نفوس اصحابه، بل فى نفوس كل الاسوياء والباحثين عن الحق فى كل زمان ومكان، فإن اى مجتمع مهما بلغ من درجات الرقى لا يقوم الا على القيم الاصلية فهى التى تقيم اسسه وتشكل ملامحه وترسم طريقه، فالانسان (...) حين يُجرد من القيم، لا يُؤمن له جانب ولا يطيب عيش الى جواره، فإذا كانت هذه القيم صنيعة هذا الدين الذى ارسى قواعدها وتشبع بها كل تعاليمه فهى لاشك قيم عالية ثابتة تنظم حياة الفرد والمجتمع وتلملم شتات الحائرين وتهدى الى صراط مستقيم. (shrink)

من نعم الله على عباده أنه شرع لهم ما يصلحهم وحرم عليهم ما يفسدهم؛ فجعل رضاه حيث منفعتهم، وجعل سخطه حيث مضرتهم؛ ومن هنا لا يخفى على عاقل لِمَ حرم الله الغرور وجعله من الحوائل دون دخول الجنة -كما أخبر بذلك المعصوم صلى الله عليه وسلم- وما كان لامرئ أن يدخل الغرور قلبه إذ الملك كله لله والعباد مستخلفون في الأرض يعمرونها لا ليتفاخروا ولا ليتكبروا وإنما لتعلو كلمة الله -تعالى- التي تقضي بالحق لكل العباد. في هذا الكتاب إطلالة على (...) الذنب الأول )الغرور( الذي من أجله تكبر إبليس عَلى السجود لآدم فاستحق لعنة الله -عز وجل- عبرة لمن أراد السلامة من هذه الآفة الكبرى، فيعرض الكتاب في فصوله الثلاثة: مفهوم الغرور وماهيته التي يخلط كثير من الناس بينها وبين الثقة بالنفس والإخبار بالواقع. ثم يطوف في نماذج من الرسل الكرام الذين لم يقعوا في هذه الآفة مع أنهم لهم كل كمال بشري. ثم يسرد الكتاب عواقب الغرور ومآله ليتبين الخيط الأبيض من الخيط الأسود، ويظهر الصبح لذي عينين. (shrink)