This study investigated the relations of cheating on an exam and using a false excuse to avoid taking an exam as scheduled to various forms of minor deviance. College students completed measures of cheating, false excuse making, and minor deviance. A factor analysis identified clusters of deviance behaviors. Cheaters scored higher than noncheaters on measures of unreliability and risky driving behaviors, and false excuse makers scored higher than other students on measures of substance use, risky driving, illegal behaviors, and personal (...) unreliability. In addition, men scored higher than women on substance abuse and illegal behaviors factors. Results are interpreted in terms of personological theories of honesty and reliability. (shrink)

In public health and the social sciences, there is growing recognition of the role that social context plays in determining health. Frequently, social relations of inequality are among the most important features of social context identified in this work, and emphasis is placed on identifying and addressing these inequalities in order to improve health. Within the field of HIV/AIDS prevention as well, researchers have begun to look beyond individuals for an understanding of the structural causes of HIV-related risk. This research (...) demands that greater attention be paid to the social mechanisms and contextual factors that lead to HIV risk. Among these factors are law and social policy, which form a part of the context in which risk-taking occurs and which can promote both HIV transmission and prevention. On the one hand, laws limiting access to sterile injection equipment have contributed to HIV-related risk behavioxs among injection drug users. (shrink)

In public health and the social sciences, there is growing recognition of the role that social context plays in determining health. Frequently, social relations of inequality are among the most important features of social context identified in this work, and emphasis is placed on identifying and addressing these inequalities in order to improve health. Within the field of HIV/AIDS prevention as well, researchers have begun to look beyond individuals for an understanding of the structural causes of HIV-related risk. This research (...) demands that greater attention be paid to the social mechanisms and contextual factors that lead to HIV risk. Among these factors are law and social policy, which form a part of the context in which risk-taking occurs and which can promote both HIV transmission and prevention. On the one hand, laws limiting access to sterile injection equipment have contributed to HIV-related risk behavioxs among injection drug users. (shrink)

Morality – the subjective sense that humans discern between right and wrong – plays a ubiquitous role in everyday life. Deontological reasoning conceptualizes moral decision-making as rigid, such that many moral choices are forbidden or required. Not surprisingly, the language used in measures of deontological reasoning tends to be rigid, including phrases such as “always” and “never.” Two studies drawn from two different populations used commonly used measures of moral reasoning and measures of morality to examine the link between individual (...) differences in deontological reasoning and language on the endorsement of moral foundations. Participants low on deontological reasoning generally showed less endorsement for moral principles when extreme language was used in the measures. (shrink)

When passed, the Equal Pay Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act established two distinct views of employment discrimination and two different enforcement structures—one aimed at sex and the other at race discrimination. To explain this bifurcated approach to employment discrimination, it is necessary to examine not only social class but also gender and race relations. Sex and race discrimination bills addressed some of the problems of postwar capitalism in the United States. At the same time, however, the (...) bifurcated discrimination policy enforced women's dependence on men in families. But it did this differently for white men than it did for men of color. (shrink)

Abstract:In his writing in Landscape magazine, the essayist and critic John Brinckerhoff Jackson (1909–1996) championed a focus on the “everyday” mid-century American landscape. My argument in this paper is that Jackson's writing has enduring relevance for understanding the relationship of modernity to everyday landscapes. Specifically, I develop the concept of “everyday modernities” in order to define and specify the lens through which Jackson sought to reconcile the logics of modernity with the lived realities of mid-century American life. Pulling this concept (...) through two examples of his work—the “other-directedness” of landscape and the bodied landscapes of the hot-rodder—I show how Jackson endeavored to understand how these logics were embedded in some of the most common landscapes. He limned an approach to the modern landscape that took seriously the binary structure of modernist ideology (nature and culture, country and city), but strove to recognize the impacts of this ideology through the networks and connections that produce the material realities of everyday life. While Jackson's particular lens is certainly a very personal one, his interests and approach can help to reveal new connections and inspire new questions about the modern American landscape. (shrink)

In this study, we elaborate connections among gender, structure, and practice to suggest how social structural relations shape social sexual practice and, in the process, reshape gender relations. Using survey data from a study of a community mobilization intervention, we investigate the connection between institutional arrangements and condom use practice in sexual encounters with commercial clients and intimate partners among 410 women engaged in sex trade in a semiurban town in southern India. Multinomial logistic regression analysis uncovers the effects of (...) 16 measures of gendered structural relations in three contexts—livelihood resources, household circumstances, and community mobilization intervention priorities. We compare women who practice either consistent or inconsistent condom use with both clients and partners with a reference group of women who practice consistent condom use with clients but not with partners. Results reveal the importance of household and community relations for consistent safer sex practice over and above the organization of sex trade. Our analysis advances gender theory in two interrelated ways: We contribute to gender theorizing in the implementation of health interventions, and to gender change more generally by thinking through possibilities emerging from recursive influences between reordered institutional configurations and altered expectations in interaction. (shrink)

The present research examines whether the perceived uniqueness of one’s thoughts and salience of uniqueness motivations can influence attitude strength and resistance. Participants who rated their thoughts as relatively unique formed attitudes that showed greater correspondence with behavioral intentions to act on the attitude (Study 1). In Study 2, participants who recalled a previous purchase motivated by the desire to be unique (versus to fit in) after generating message counterarguments were less persuaded (more resistant) and reported greater willingness to act (...) on their (negative) attitude. Moreover, attitudes mediated the effect of the purchase manipulation on intentions to act on the attitude. (shrink)

Interventional cardiologists are commonly faced with patients who prefer percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) rather than coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Many prefer PCI even when CABG is recommended. Doctors may wonder whether (as the cardiac surgeons suspect) they consciously or unconsciously influence patients to choose PCI. We consider reasons why patient preferences in this context are not irrational.

The teaching of akhlāq (moral values) in Islamic Education lessons is one of the important aspects in the Integrated Curriculum for Secondary Schools in Malaysia. Its purpose is to develop the potential of the individual in a holistic, balanced and integrated manner, encompassing the intellectual, spiritual, emotional and physical aspects in order to create a balanced and harmonious human being with high moral standards. The aim of this article is to examine teachers' perceptions of the teaching of akhlāq at secondary (...) school level. Data were collected from 22 respondents about the process of teaching and learning akhlāq, the school environment and the internal and external factors that might influence the students' akhlāq. The study found that most of the Islamic Education teachers interviewed were satisfied with the process of teaching and learning akhlāq in their schools. Despite a few weaknesses in terms of implementation, they believed that school activities, religious activities and school regulations at their schools gave positive and significant contributions to the development of students' akhlāq. It was also found that peers, negative attitudes among some teachers, parents and local communities, the mass media, entertainment centres and the demands of jobs had negative influences on the students' akhlāq. (shrink)

Education and state; Arab countries; intellectuals; social conditions.

In this article I try to show that there is an evolution in Merleau-Ponty’s understanding of the concept structure. Structure is neither an entity nor an a priori principle, but the expression of certain configurations of sense and meaning. There is a transition from a static to a dynamic approach, paralleling a movement from a philosophy of structure to a philosophy of individuation. There exists for each individual a general structure of behavior as a unity expressed in certain constants of (...) its conduct. The structure is a momentary manifestation of the general orientation of the passive-affective life in its bodily expressions. Structuration is the act of creating order in the perception of the surrounding situation and the process of taking a position in it. By doing so Merleau-Ponty replaces the Gestalt psychology with a philosophy of the living being. This essential philosophical intuition culminates in the concept of style, which becomes an important element in Merleau-Ponty’s later phenomenological aesthetics and phenomenology of world appearance. (shrink)

Het is alweer meer dan een decennium geleden dat Charles Taylors boek Sources of the self werd gepubliceerd. De gerenommeerde hoogleraar in de filosofie aan de McGill University in Canada presenteerde daarmee een boek van meer dan 500 pagina’s over ‘the making of the modern identity’. Ondertussen verscheen een herdruk van het boek. Dat illustreert de blijvende belangstelling die er voor het boek is. Die belangstelling is zeer terecht. Wie namelijk geïnteresseerd is in morele filosofie kan hier zijn hart ophalen. (...) Het boek getuigt van een grote kennis van zaken: de honderden pagina’s beslaan terreinen van filosofie, geschiedenis, kunst, religie en literatuur, met af en toe een uitstapje naar de sociaal-economische context waarin zich transities in de morele en mentale opmaak van het Westen voordoen. Die uitstapjes hebben overigens wel een plichtmatig karakter. Het lijkt er eerder op dat de auteur daarmee heeft willen laten zien dat hij zichzelf wel degelijk realiseert dat die context er ook toe doet dan dat zij iets wezenlijks aan de argumentatie van de studie toevoegen. (shrink)

Our time as the age of fragmented cultural ontologies, acceleration, and ongoing socio-cultural transformations is the age of the quest of belonging par excellence. My paper deals with this quest out of a singular culturally situated perspective – the work of the Indologist and comparative philosopher Daryush Shayegan (1935–2018) – which despite its singularity hints at a general hypothesis: the recognition of a tamed cultural schizophrenia can be an inspiring model of belonging for our time.