According to the shared signal hypothesis the impact of facial expressions on emotion processing partially depends on whether the gaze is directed toward or away from the observer. In autism spectrum disorder several aspects of face processing have been found to be atypical, including attention to eye gaze and the identification of emotional expressions. However, there is little research on how gaze direction affects emotional expression processing in typically developing individuals and in those with ASD. This question is investigated here (...) in two multimodal experiments. Experiment 1 required processing eye gaze direction while faces differed in emotional expression. Forty-seven children participated. Their Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule scores ranged from 0 to 6 in the experiment. Event-related potentials were sensitive to gaze direction and emotion, but emotion processing did not depend on gaze direction. However, for angry faces the gaze direction effect on the N170 amplitude, as typically observed in TD individuals, diminished with increasing ADOS score. For neutral expressions this correlation was not significant. Experiment 2 required explicit emotion classifications in a facial emotion composite task while eye gaze was manipulated incidentally. A group of 22 children with ASD was compared to a propensity score-matched group of TD children. The same comparison was carried out for a subgroup of nine children with ASD who were less trained in social cognition, according to clinician’s report. The ASD group performed overall worse in emotion recognition than the TD group, independently of emotion or gaze direction. However, for disgust expressions, eye tracking data revealed that TD children fixated relatively longer on the eyes of the stimulus face with a direct gaze as compared with averted gaze. In children with ASD we observed no such modulation of fixation behavior as a function of gaze direction. Overall, the present findings from ERPs and eye tracking confirm the hypothesis of an impaired sensitivity to gaze direction in children with ASD or elevated autistic traits, at least for specific emotions. Therefore, we conclude that multimodal investigations of the interaction between emotional processing and stimulus gaze direction are promising to understand the characteristics of individuals differing along the autism trait dimension. (shrink)

With the expansion of the global air cargo transport system, the operating structure of air cargo has become increasingly separate from passenger counterpart, forming an independent organization model. Despite the Chinese air cargo capacity has grown exponentially in the past, its network is still in its infancy. FedEx and UPS have well-established air cargo networks and have operated effectively on both international and domestic scale; thus, understanding the structure and evolution of their air cargo networks is of a high reference (...) value. In conjunction with the division of US regions from the United States Geological Survey, this paper refers to FedEx and UPS as FEPS and analyzes its topological structure, complexity properties, and air cargo accessibility by using social network analysis and accessibility evaluation methods. The results suggest that the structure of the FEPS air cargo network is in the highly developed states and has the typical “small-world” and “scale-free” network characteristics; the degree centrality values for the nodes in the FEPS network suggest that the network complexity has increased; airports in Memphis, Louisville, Indianapolis, and Ontario are the major hubs with both high centrality values and air cargo accessibility; and the FEPS network presents a unique hub-and-spoke structure compared with the passenger counterpart. (shrink)

本书就研究俄罗斯技术哲学的必要性、主要文献和创新点进行了介绍,研究了俄罗斯技术哲学史前的一些情况,重点研究了俄罗斯技术哲学的两位思想重臣--工程学的技术哲学代表人物恩格迈尔和人文主义的技术哲学的代表人 物别尔嘉耶夫--的生平、著作、思想观点、主要贡献等内容。.

本书将佛学中一些大师们重点强调的智慧闪光点重新编创,内容包括:活一天就要有一天的意义、感情上的事不可太执着、该出手时便出手、生在红尘中便忙人间事等。.

Many moral error theorists reject moral realism on the grounds that moral realism implies the existence of categorical normativity, yet categorical normativity does not exist. Call this the Metaphysical Argument. In response, some moral realists have emphasized a parity between moral normativity and epistemic normativity. They argue that if one kind of normativity is rejected, then both must be rejected. Therefore, one cannot be a moral error theorist without also being an epistemic error theorist. Call this the Parity Argument. In (...) this paper, we address three possible responses to the Parity Argument from moral error theorists: (1) accept the parity but still reject epistemic error theory, (2) reject the parity, (3) accept the parity and defend epistemic error theory. We argue that there are problems with each of these responses, so the Parity Argument stands as a strong counterargument to the Metaphysical Argument. We conclude by drawing some lessons for any future challenges to the Parity Argument. (shrink)

The Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) by Laozi (Lao Tzu) is unquestionably the best known and most widely read of all classical Chinese philosophy texts. It has been adapted into all forms of modern media, including business, personal relationships, meditation, and sports. Rarely has a book been published containing the essential, unaltered text in an aesthetically minimalist format, preserving the essence of the original prose. Like the writings of Sunzi, Confucius, and Mencius, the work of Laozi also forms one (...) of the founding pillars of the Chinese artistic and literary canon. The Dao De Jing offers profound insight into classical Chinese philosophical thought, while providing practical, sensible advice for leading ones life in today's modern world. A Basic Dao joins the other titles in the Long River Press' Basic series, which highlights the best examples of ancient Chinese philosophy in their pure, unaltered forms. A Basic Dao takes some of the most popular quotations from Laozi and arranges them with historical anecdotes on the opposite page. The result is an ideal book for beginning or experienced philosophy students, philanthropists, and anyone with an interest in the philosophical and literary traditions of China. (shrink)

Generally believed that "theory of continuing revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" is a "Cultural Revolution" guiding ideology, which in ten years the "Cultural Revolution" period has been widely publicized, has written to the Chinese Communists "nine", "Top Ten", "Eleventh large "by the political report and constitution, but also to write the fourth and fifth National People's Congress meeting adopted constitutional changes, the impact is huge. When it was proposed that "the history of Marxism has set a third great (...) milestone," and after more than ten years later, "since the founding of the party on a number of resolutions on the question of history" has made ​​it a completely different assessment that It is the "leftist" errors and this should be "resolutely corrected." In this paper, the editorial "October Socialist Revolution opened up along the path," CPC "nine", Hua Guofeng, the Third Plenum and "since the founding of the party on a number of resolutions on the question of history," as the coordinates of the tracking the fate of its history and study. q "The Theory on Continuing the Revolution under the Leadership of Proletarians" is commonly regarded as the guiding ideology of the Cultural Revolution. Widely publicized during the decade-long Cultural Revolution, it has been incorporated into the Chinese Communist Party's constitution and the People's Republic of China's constitution for numerous times and has exerted a great influence on the state. By the time it was initially proposed in 1967, it was regarded as' the third landmark in the history of Marxism. But it was subject to a completely different fate more than ten years later as it was labeled "pinko" and was required to he "corrected" in Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China. This paper aims to conduct an investigation of the historical fate of "the Theory on Continuing the Revolution under the Dictatorship of Proletarians" with reference to the following texts: Go Ahead Along the Way Inaugurated by October Socialist Revolution, Report of the Ninth National Congress of the CPC, Hua Guofeng's Talkings, Report of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China. (shrink)

本书包括绪论、定义、论证、谬误、命题逻辑、归纳推理和类比推理、科学和假说等八章,每章后都附有思考题和练习题。.

本书记录了人类千百万年生命经验的诸多反思与总结的生存箴言;汇集了有史以来植物、动物、人类三个层级的生命世界与大自然互相演绎出的,至今仍令人悲伤叹惋而又足以激动人心的生命现象与生活的真理。.

本书第一编主要讨论刑法客观主义理论中所蕴含的抽象性、行为事实的客观性问题及其与法治立场的契合性。第二编主要研究刑法客观主义的反对派即刑法主观主义理论对法治立场的动摇。.

该书通过争霸之梦、求索之梦、恢复之梦以及狂妄之梦四部分内容,对战争与梦想的关系进行了解析。.

本书内容包括:儒学与全球化浪潮、儒学与知识经济、儒家精神与网络世界、儒学与环境伦理、儒学与当代生命伦理等。.

本书主要探讨传统思想与科学发展之间的关系,涉及传统哲学的科学基础、科学发展的思想原因、科学思想的涵义和演变、以及传统思想对数学、医学等各门学科的作用和影响。.

本书从马克思的原著出发,详尽地展示这位著作家在各个主要理论时期对自然概念的多方面阐述;阐明马克思自然概念的主要理论原则,进而从理论科学及社会工业实践方面论证马克思自然概念的现时代意义。.

周山(1949-),上海社会科学院哲学研究所副研究员、周易研究中心秘书长、中国逻辑史研究会理事、上海市逻辑学会理事.

本书以志体为主, 兼用述、记、传、图、表、录诸体, 力求客观、科学地记述曾子的生平、贡献及影响。设《家世生平》、《著作》、《思想学说》、《影响与研究》、《历代崇颂》、《曾子后裔》及《遗址遗迹与纪念性建筑》七篇.

This article provides a comprehensive conceptual analysis of information. It begins with a folk notion that information is a tripartite phenomenon: information is something carried by signals about something for some use. This suggests that information has three main aspects: structural, referential, and normative. I analyze the individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions for defining these aspects of information and consider formal theories relating to each aspect as well. The analysis reveals that structural, referential, and normative aspects of information are (...) hierarchically nested and that the normative depends on the referential, which in turn depends on the structural. (shrink)

本书涵盖了国家教委《法理学教学指导纲要》规定的知识要点,同时增加了近年我国法理学研究的新成果以及西方法理学中的经典课题。.

The two event-related potentials studies investigated how verbs and nouns were processed in different music priming conditions in order to reveal whether the motion concept via embodiment can be stimulated and evoked across categories. Study 1 tested the processing of verbs primed by two music types, with tempo changes and without tempo changes while Study 2 tested the processing of nouns in the same priming condition as adopted in Study 1. During the experiments, participants were required to hear a piece (...) of music prior to judging whether an ensuing word is semantically congruent with the motion concept conveyed by the music. The results show that in the priming condition of music with tempo changes, state verbs and inanimate nouns elicited larger N400 amplitudes than action verbs and animate nouns, respectively in the anterior regions and anterior to central regions, whereas in the priming condition of music without tempo changes, action verbs elicited larger N400 amplitudes than state verbs and the two categories of nouns revealed no N400 difference, unexpectedly. The interactions between music and words were significant only in Tasks 1, 2, and 3. Taken together, the results demonstrate that firstly, music with tempo changes and music without tempo prime verbs and nouns in different fashions; secondly, action verbs and animate nouns are easier to process than state verbs and inanimate nouns when primed by music with tempo changes due to the shared motion concept across categories; thirdly, bodily experience differentiates between music and words in coding fashion but the motion concept conveyed by the two categories can be subtly extracted on the metaphorical basis, as indicated in the N400 component. Our studies reveal that music tempos can prime different word classes, favoring the notion that embodied motion concept exists across domains and adding evidence to the hypothesis that music and language share the neural mechanism of meaning processing. (shrink)

This volume first explores the transformation of Chinese Daoism in late imperial period through the writings of prominent literati scholars of the period. In such a cultural context it then launches an in-depth investigation into the Daoist dimensions of the Chinese narrative masterpiece, The Story of the Stone: the inscriptions of Quanzhen Daoism in the infrastructure of its religious framework, the ideological ramifications of the Daoist concepts of chaos, purity, and the natural, as well as the Daoist images of the (...) gourd, fish, and bird. The author demonstrates in an insightful manner the central position of Daoist philosophy both in the ideological structure of the Stone and the literati culture that spawns it. (shrink)

本书论述了“科学-社会”学的历史和方法,科学与政治、战争、经济、艺术、法律和教育诸因素之间的相互作用,并用一些典型事例来说明科学与宗教的关系是如何影响哥白尼、伽里略、牛顿、达尔文、爱因斯坦这些大师们的 事业的。.

作者运用心理科学的理论原则,从党政领导实施,组织人事工作,思想教育工作等各方面,分析研究了党政工作中的心理学问题.