This article postulates a method of determining the date of human settlement in the Canary Islands by establishing when species of mice, which are commensal with human beings and hence in all likelihood migrated with them, arrived in the archipelago. At the same time, the extinction of several species of endemic rodents may also correlate with such arrivals. The study establishes the outer limits for the arrival of the mouse species, between the 5th millennium BCE and the 15th century CE, (...) but, while indicative archaeological evidence indicates human settlement was established by around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE, the absence of conclusive dating of fossil mice remains leaves a definitive conclusion for the start of such settlement still open. (shrink)

Several European countries have recently started taking steps to protect access to abortion. France is one of these, with a bill having made its way through the legislature to enshrine the ‘liberté garantie’ (‘guaranteed freedom’) to an abortion in its constitution. It is the first country in the world to explicitly include abortion access in its constitution. Although abortion was decriminalised in France in 1975, proponents of the bill stated that they were motivated by protecting freedom for future generations (rather (...) than any perceived current threats)—the French minister for justice described this as characteristic of constitutional lawmaking.1 Enshrining such a freedom within the constitution was not without opposition. Although the bill passed through the Assemblée in January 2024 with 99 votes in favour and 13 against,2 it followed 8 hours of debate in which a number of issues were discussed. The Sénat (the upper house of Parliament) was initially thought to be more likely to oppose the bill. The bill was carried through the Sénat, however, with its Law Commission indicating prior to debate that it would not oppose making abortion a constitutional freedom, despite ‘some reservations’ about the text of the bill.3 Some of the issues raised in the Assemblée related to the language used, with some parliamentarians preferring to constitutionalise the ‘droit’ (right) to abortion; in line with language used in previous debates on the subject, rather than the term ‘liberté’ that was settled on.4 Other concerns were raised about the appropriateness of ‘preventative constitutionalisation’,5 the potential impact on a clinician’s ability to exercise conscientious objection6 and fears of creating an imbalance more generally between women’s …. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage aurait pu s'intituler " matière et vie ". L'auteur nous guide sur le long chemin qui va des constituants élémentaires d'un jeune univers, dans lequel la vie est évidemment absente, jusqu'aux formes complexes de la matière. Il explique comment et pourquoi la matière se complexifie dans le coeur des étoiles de premières générations, dans la nébuleuse protosolaire, sur la jeune Terre envoie de différenciation, dans les premiers océans terrestres. Il décrit ce que l'on croit savoir, mais aussi passe (...) en revue tout ce que l'on ignore à propos de la génération spontanée des premières cellules vivantes. Lorsque la vie apparaît, l'histoire de la matière devient dépendante de l'évolution biologique. Après trois milliards d'années environ, celle-ci conduit à l'apparition de l'homme, seul être vivant capable de faire évoluer la matière. Ce livre propose ainsi une fresque d'une réelle ampleur, sans équivalent à ce jour, écrite pour être accessible à tous. Et pourtant, les questions abordées relèvent de nombreuses disciplines, comme l'astrophysique, la biologie, la chimie, le génie génétique et l'histoire des techniques. (shrink)

Who are we? Never have so many of us asked this question, nor so few been able to answer it. What is happening to us? Already we miss those who are not asking the question along with us.We all were sure of ourselves in our respective groups - some aggressive, others tolerant - but sure of being these ones and not those ones as we crossed paths with others or with us, in business and in war, and who were always (...) ready to tell us which of all of them we were. (shrink)

Comment redonner des couleurs à ce qui se nomme encore sciences "sociales" (ou "humaines", philosophiques de toute manière) ?

Let be the set of nonnegative integers. We show the two following facts about Presburger's arithmetic:1. 1. Let . If L is not definable in , + then there is an definable in , such that there is no bound on the distance between two consecutive elements of L′. and2. 2. is definable in , + if and only if every subset of which is definable in is definable in , +. These two Theorems are of independent interest but we (...) will get from them new proofs of Cobham's and Semenov's Theorems ; Semenov's Theorem is:Let k and l be multiplicatively independent . If is definable in and in then L is recognizable . Here Vm is the function which sends a nonzero natural number to the greatest power of m dividing it. (shrink)

Pendant quatre ans, un cours de philosophie des sciences a été proposé aux étudiants et aux personnels de l'université Pierre et Marie Curie. Il répondait à une attente réelle de la part de ce monde de scientifiques. Chacun cherchait des mises au point sur une science qui semble ne pas " penser " pour reprendre le mot d'Heidegger. Il ne s'agissait pas de proposer une nouvelle vulgarisation scientifique qui a par trop tendance à créer une sorte de mythologie ne cédant (...) en rien à la cosmogonie d'Hésiode. Parler du Big Bang, du chaos par exemple provoque des images qui ne correspondent en rien ni à la réalité ni à son expression par un modèle scientifique. On a vu l'engouement qu'a provoqué l'université de tous les savoir où des scientifiques ont parlé de leur science telle qu'elle se crée. Nous souhaitons ici mettre en perspective les différents domaines de la science avec un minimum d'outillage philosophique. Notre but sera atteint si les étudiants et toute personne qui souhaite réfléchir à ces problèmes qui interpellent tous les citoyens trouvent matière à réflexion personnelle. Les perspectives historiques seront présentes car la science se construit dans un contexte sociologique. La maturation des idées se fait au travers d'individus qui sont dans un contexte précis : par exemple, la lutte pour la vie qui sous-tend le darwinisme ne saurait être dissociée de la révolution industrielle de l'Angleterre du XIXe siècle. Ce livre est le résultat de cette expérience qui se prolonge actuellement sur les amphis de la cinquième chaîne de télévision. (shrink)

The Nuffield Council on Bioethics (NCOB) is delighted to pick up the mantel of the Ethics briefings. For readers less familiar with the NCOB’s work, we are a leading independent policy and research centre, and the foremost bioethics body in the UK. We identify, analyse and advise on ethical issues in biomedicine and health so that decisions in these areas benefit people and society.1 Established in 1991, the NCOB has tackled a wide range of bioethics and medical ethics issues over (...) its thirty-two years, including issues relating to the beginning and end of life, health and society, data and technology, and research ethics. Early reports in the 1990s included, for example, ‘Genetics screening: the ethical issues’ and ‘Animal-to-human transplants: the ethics of Xenotransplantation’. More recent projects include setting out an ethical framework in the report ‘The future of ageing: ethical considerations for research and innovation’2 and a current joint project with the Ada Lovelace Institute3 considering the potential ethical implications of the convergence of AI and genomics technologies.4 In recent years, NCOB has increasingly focused on horizon scanning. What current and future national and international developments are likely to raise ethical issues in the short, medium and long-term? Insights for 2023 will soon be available at www.nuffieldbioethics.org/what-we-do/horizon-scanning, with new developments likely to be included alongside ongoing areas of medical and scientific research that we are tracking progress in, for example, in vitro derived gametes, surrogacy, biosafety and novel neurotechnologies. Disagreements between parents and healthcare teams about …. (shrink)

This book critically assesses the implications of modern medicine's claim to be a natural science. Medicine models its scientific and clinical self-understanding on an obsolete positivist conception of science, reality, and consciousness. In this view, the body is modeled as a biological machine, disease as breakdown of the machine, and therapy as physical measures to fix the machine. The problems besetting medical science and practice are rooted in the inadequacy of the positivist philosophical assumptions regarding the nature of science, reality (...) and consciousness To base the diagnostic practices and therapeutic regimes purely on knowledge of physical processes in the human body is, in view of this analysis, at best grossly inadequate, at worst thoroughly dehumanizing (Anton van Niekerk: Editorial Foreword). This means that medicine's clinical method cannot be transformed without transforming the underlying view of science, of reality, and of the human person. The book proposes a broader model of science which overcomes the outdated dichotomy between human and natural sciences. Science is viewed as an interdisciplinary exercise generating multiple perspectives. The insights of the human sciences are essential for scientific clinical medicine. Utilizing evolutionary biology and complexity theory, the author proposes an alternative understanding of reality and human consciousness as a basis for a transformed clinical method. Reality is a hierarchy of systems of increasing complexity. Different levels can be distinguished, namely material systems, living material systems, conscious living material systems and self-conscious living material systems. Each level represents a new manner of being which requires a different scientific discourse of understanding. Using this model of reality the author argues against understanding human consciousness as a byproduct of physical processes in the brain. The human person is a self-conscious, complex, psycho-somatic system, whose well-being is conditioned by much more than physical processes. (shrink)

With a clear presentation, Ethics: Theory and Practice educates readers about ethical theory and has them apply what they learn to specific classic and contemporary moral problems (lying, cheating, establishing ethical business practices, honoring ethical obligations in medicine, etc.). Jacques P. Thiroux first wrote this text 1977 in order to educate readers about ethical theory and its applications in a way that beginning students could understand. The result was an accessible text that isn't too technical and doesn't plunge into (...) complex readings without sufficient background. The text is fully updated with global issues and non-Western ethical views. Keith W. Krasemann now continues Thiroux's efforts of making Ethical Ideas accesible to students. Besides updating the foundations of the text, Krasemann incoporates new and relevant material, most of which is often unique only to this text. (shrink)

Jacques Maritain's An Introduction to Philosophy was first published in 1931. Since then, this book has stood the test of time as a clear guide to what philosophy is and how to philosophize. Inspired by the Thomistic Revival called for by Leo XIII, Maritain relies heavily on Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas to shape a philosophy that, far from sectarian theology in disguise, is driven by reason and engages the modern world. Re-released as part of the Sheed & Ward (...) Classic series, An Introduction to Philosophy is sure to enliven the minds of students and general readers for years to come. From the new introduction by Ralph McInerny: You are about to read a magnificent introduction not only to a kind of philosophy but to philosophizing itself. Jacques Maritain was a relatively young man when he wrote this book, but his effort is one that attracts any philosopher more and more as he grows older. However odd and unusual what he says becomes, the philosopher yearns to show how even the most abstruse claims can be put into relation with what the reader already knows. That, in its essence, is what teaching is. In this book, the reader will find a wise and certain guide into philosophizing as such. And, in the end, he will find that what he reads is really only a refinement and development of what he and everybody else already knew. (shrink)

A leading philosopher presents a radical manifesto for the future of art andfilm.

With his massive redeployment hypothesis (MRH), Anderson claims that novel cognitive functions are likely to rely on pre-existing circuits already possessing suitable resources. Here, we put forward recent findings from studies in numerical cognition in order to show that the role of sensorimotor experience in the ontogenetical development of a new function has been largely underestimated in Anderson's proposal.

In this paper we develop a differential analogue of o-minimal cell decomposition for the theory CODF of closed ordered differential fields. Thanks to this differential cell decomposition we define a well-behaving dimension function on the class of definable sets in CODF. We conclude this paper by proving that this dimension is closely related to both the usual differential transcendence degree and the topological dimension associated, in this case, with a natural differential topology on ordered differential fields.

Why should one go to see works of art if one can look at faces in clouds and other somewhat more complex forms in tarmac? Does my aesthetic experience discover something unprecedented when it takes products of human Intentionality as substrate rather than “natural objects” supposedly lacking all Intentionality? These questions raise that of the contribution of authorship in the framework of aesthetic experience ; they question the role of the author from one of a number of possible points of (...) view. The aim here is to advance this thought setting out from an experience of thought. Borrowing from the methodology of Arthur Danto displayed in The transfiguration of the commonplace, this experience of thought seeks to determine the structural differences between an aesthetic experience undertaken concerning Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty and that undertaken concerning an indiscernable perceptible said to have been generated randomly by nature. The question at the heart of this article is how to characterize the difference implied by the presence of the data-author for the aesthetic experience (transl. J. Dudley). (shrink)

L’intérêt du discours spinoziste, et plus largement l’importance du discours éthique, par opposition aux siècles moralistes qui nous précèdent, tiennent à une constatation générale : nous vivons au sein de sociétés dans lesquelles règnent le relativisme des valeurs et les rapports de force. Les socles fon­da­mentaux des notions de vivre ensemble, de coopération, d’amour du pro­chain et de respect de la vie se détériorent, et les valeurs transcendantes autrefois garantes, ou tout du moins inte...

The identification of areas of endemism is essential in building an area classification, but plays little role in how natural areas are discovered. Rather area monophyly, derived from cladistics, is essential in the discovery of natural area classifications or area taxonomy. We propose Area Taxonomy to be a new sub-discipline of historical biogeography, one that can be revised and debated, and which has its own area nomenclature. Separately to area taxonomy, we outline how natural areas may be discovered by transcribing (...) the concepts of homology and monophyly from biological systematics to historical biogeography, in the form of area homologues, area homologies and area monophyly. (shrink)

La pensée de Lévinas demande à être prise au sérieux, aventure philosophique où le verset ne vaut pas preuve, et qui a toujours gardé sa route comme un marin, son cap. Aujourd'hui que l'œuvre est close, il est clair que cette navigation n'allait vers aucun port mais que, par essence hauturière, elle cingla droit, là où les mers étaient vastes et les vents, forts. Là, une haute vague se leva : Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence. Ce titre, où un (...) adverbe pointe démesurément au-delà du verbe, dresse le livre au-delà de son propre contexte. Mais il permet de rassembler toute l'œuvre dans le sillage de sa course, et donne une vue sur la philosophie du siècle, et celle qui nous fut transmise. Prendre cette pensée au sérieux, c'est d'abord faire le pari de la neutralité, ne pas y chercher une morale mais l'accompagner dans sa quête du sens éthique comme intelligibilité ultime de l'humain et possibilité de la compréhension de l'être. Adjectif substantivé (au neutre, das Ethische) avant que substantif (die Ethik), l'éthique se formule en se cristallisant autour de certains vocables (Je, Tu, Il, Es - sujet, autrui, Dieu, être) qu'elle compose, comme un poème ou, mieux, une partition. Accompagner cette pensée, c'est seulement dérouler l'intrigue que tissent - " Ensemble, mais pas encore " - ces mots obéissant à leur loi. C'est dire le sonnet ou interpréter la sonate. On suit alors le mouvement an-archique d'une pensée qui, au profond du sujet, discerne une brûlure, nécessaire pour qu'autrui ne soit pas loup pour un loup. Ce ravage, seule la grâce improbable d'un Dieu qui s'absente s'offre à le réparer, concédant ainsi à l'homme d'être. J. R. (shrink)

Herman Parret and Jacques Bouveresse Introduction. As Rosenberg remarks, " Understanding ... is evidently difficult to understand" (in this volume, p. 29). ...

We focus in this paper on the potential uses of Ludics, a logical framework based on recent developments in proof theory, for modeling natural language dialogues. The aim is to be able to grasp and to account for some aspects of incoherence in discourses. Among the properties relevant for studying dialogues, two features of Ludics are of interest for our purpose: the duality of viewpoints of two interlocutors as well as the possibility of ruptures. We illustrate first the potential usefulness (...) of such a model for accounting and analyzing incoherence in dialogues due to cultural gap. We then focus on dialogues with schizophrenic individuals to try to answer the following questions: to what extent does incoherence play a role in schizophrenic discourse? And, would a more precise characterization of “non-standard” rationality help explain the range of potential complications of schizophrenia? (shrink)

Terrible ethics -- The ethic of terror -- Phares; or, divisible sovereignty -- The logic of sovereignty -- A Sadean community -- Materia in the critique of autonomy -- Three women, three bombs -- Distracted republic.

A la manière de Charles Taylor, dans les travaux qu'il a consacrés à la genèse du "moi" ou à l'évolution du sentiment religieux à travers les âges, Daniel Jacques trace un vaste panorama historique où il suit le développement de l'idée d'humanisme depuis l'Antiquité à nos jours. Il montre comment l'humanisme est posé à la Renaissance comme un retour à la sagesse des Anciens, puis comment il est, à l'époque des lumières, la mesure suprême de l'action et de la (...) pensée des forces progressistes. Il montre enfin comment, à partir du 19e siècle, des critiques perçoivent l'humanisme non plus comme l'heureuse manifestation d'une liberté conquise de haute lutte à l'encontre des traditions passées, mais comme la cause même de cette démesure et du déclin du sens moral qui l'accompagne. (shrink)

What has philosophy to do with the poor? If, as has often been supposed, the poor have no time for philosophy, then why have philosophers always made time for them? Why is the history of philosophy—from Plato to Karl Marx to Jean-Paul Sartre to Pierre Bourdieu—the history of so many figures of the poor: plebes, men of iron, the demos, artisans, common people, proletarians, the masses? Why have philosophers made the shoemaker, in particular, a remarkably ubiquitous presence in this history? (...) Does philosophy itself depend on this thinking about the poor? If so, can it ever refrain from thinking for them? Jacques Rancière’s The Philosopher and His Poor meditates on these questions in close readings of major texts of Western thought in which the poor have played a leading role—sometimes as the objects of philosophical analysis, sometimes as illustrations of philosophical argument. Published in France in 1983 and made available here for the first time in English, this consummate study assesses the consequences for Marx, Sartre, and Bourdieu of Plato’s admonition that workers should do “nothing else” than their own work. It offers innovative readings of these thinkers’ struggles to elaborate a philosophy of the poor. Presenting a left critique of Bourdieu, the terms of which are largely unknown to an English-language readership, The Philosopher and His Poor remains remarkably timely twenty years after its initial publication. (shrink)