Price discrimination is widely considered unethical/unfair by consumers, as has been borne out by decades of psychological research and mainstream press reporting. However, little academic work has been done to investigate the ethics of price discrimination. The work that has been done to date concludes that while price discrimination is not unethical, despite widespread lay perceptions, it is at best morally neutral. We argue price discrimination ismoreethical than unitary pricing, when done ‘progressively,’ meaning firms charge customers as a function of (...) their willingness-to-pay. We introduce this specific kind of price discrimination as ‘Progressive Pricing’ and demonstrate it ethically outperforms a ‘Unitary Pricing’ scheme (where everyone pays the same price, regardless of their willingness-to-pay), at least within a broadly consequentialist framework. We do this by comparing a Unitary Pricing scheme to a Progressive one, analyzing them through the lenses of four different consequentialist ‘Social Welfare Functions’ (Utilitarian, Egalitarian, Prioritarian, and Leximin), which are used by welfare economists and philosophers to rank the distributions of different social outcomes, concluding that Progressive Pricing is preferred regardless of which Social Welfare Function(s) one finds most plausible. (shrink)

The article Progressive Pricing: The Ethical Case for Price Personalization, written by Jerod Coker and Jean-Manuel Izaret, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 4 June 2020 without open access. With the author’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed on 15 July 2020 to © The Author 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and (...) reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. (shrink)

Ancient philosophers are often contrasted with contemporary philosophers because they view philosophy not as a profession, but a way of life. None did so more uncompromisingly, however, than Diogenes the Cynic, who chided even Socrates for occasionally wearing sandals and maintaining a small household. Diogenes's espousal of extreme poverty combined with a talent for exhibitionism and propensity for offense was taken by some to be merely childish and grounded in a desire for fame, but by others as an ideal form (...) of pure philosophical commitment. Beginning with his life as a banker's son in Sinope, this book traces the origins and effects of his exile and status as a foreigner in Athens and Corinth, his subsequent espousal of a life a poverty, and his development of a style of life that both he and others found comparable to a dog's in terms of its disregard for social norms and conventions. Much of Diogenes' practical philosophy took the form of his own distinctive bodily practices which were meant to reinforce Cynic freedom and self-sufficiency. By calling into question cultural conventions governing the body with respect to sexuality, athletics, clothing, hygiene, punishment, etc., his own dog-style life championed unrestrained free speech (parrhēsia), equality between the sexes, and a cosmopolitan view of the possibilities of a world rid of the evils caused by the pursuit of wealth, fame, and power. Throughout various historical periods, Diogenes has offered a fascinating alternative to conventional lives and served as a brave exemplar of absolute devotion to human freedom and equality. (shrink)

Al sur de la iglesia San Sebastián se perciben restos en los cuales se pueden ver dos baños islámicos. El baño de Suso apareció en el curso de excavaciones arqueológicas tras haber documentado unas tenerías de época posterior. En el baño de Yuso se han conservado tres salas abovedadas de medio cañón. Además, en la sala del poniente, identificada como sala caliente, está un arco de herradura, un ábside, y la traza de un arco geminado. El contacto entre la caldera (...) y la sala caliente se ha conservado bajo la forma de un arco de medio punto. En el baño de Suso se han conservado el hipocausto y las toberas. Estos dos baños tienen muchas similitudes. Nos revelan, por primera vez en Toledo, el modo de calefacción de la sala caliente. Hasta el momento, no son conocidos en los documentos medievales. (shrink)

The use of performance feedback in the workplace has gained popularity over the years, yet school heads have been challenged in providing it to teachers. In the initial interview, they shared that evaluation results can impact teachers’ motivation, and that feedback should be done carefully. However, they failed to clearly articulate a specific mechanism that had been applied in this vital role. Also, no studies have provided clear detail on the feedback mechanism used by school heads in the past. For (...) this reason, a study explored the feedback mechanisms employed by school heads in conveying the performance evaluation results to teachers. This study employed a narrative inquiry, and interviews were conducted with five school heads and five teachers who were chosen purposively for this research. Responses were recorded using a voice recorder. These responses were transcribed and analyzed using thematic narrative analysis. Based on transcripts, the study identified six emergent themes, such as conversational (one-on-one), relational, reflective, technical, reinforcing, and properly situated mechanisms in conveying performance evaluation results to teachers. Thus, a new feedback mechanism framework was developed. (shrink)

This second volume in the Counterpoints Series focuses on alternative models of visual-spatial processing in human cognition. The editors provide a historical and theoretical introduction and offer ideas about directions and new research designs.

This volume has 41 chapters written to honor the 100th birthday of Mario Bunge. It celebrates the work of this influential Argentine/Canadian physicist and philosopher. Contributions show the value of Bunge’s science-informed philosophy and his systematic approach to philosophical problems. The chapters explore the exceptionally wide spectrum of Bunge’s contributions to: metaphysics, methodology and philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of physics, philosophy of psychology, philosophy of social science, philosophy of biology, philosophy of technology, moral philosophy, social and political (...) philosophy, medical philosophy, and education. The contributors include scholars from 16 countries. Bunge combines ontological realism with epistemological fallibilism. He believes that science provides the best and most warranted knowledge of the natural and social world, and that such knowledge is the only sound basis for moral decision making and social and political reform. Bunge argues for the unity of knowledge. In his eyes, science and philosophy constitute a fruitful and necessary partnership. Readers will discover the wisdom of this approach and will gain insight into the utility of cross-disciplinary scholarship. This anthology will appeal to researchers, students, and teachers in philosophy of science, social science, and liberal education programmes. 1. Introduction Section I. An Academic Vocation Section II. Philosophy Section III. Physics and Philosophy of Physics Section IV. Cognitive Science and Philosophy of Mind Section V. Sociology and Social Theory Section VI. Ethics and Political Philosophy Section VII. Biology and Philosophy of Biology Section VIII. Mathematics Section IX. Education Section X. Varia Section XI. Bibliography. (shrink)

El presente artículo pretende mostrar cómo la descripción fenomenológica que el filósofo francés Jean-Luc Marion hace del fenómeno saturado encaja con precisión en la cristología característica del cuarto Evangelio. A partir del pensamiento de este autor, concluiremos que Jesucristo, como manifestación visible del Dios invisible, concentra en sí las cuatro paradojas fenoménicas, apareciendo también según el relato joánico como una “paradoja de paradojas” o como un “fenómeno saturado por excelencia”.

El presente artículo muestra en qué consiste realmente la irrupción de las Logische Untersuchungen según el pensamiento fenomenológico de Jean-Luc Marion. Partiremos de las interpretaciones heideggeriana y derridiana acerca de esta irrupción. No se trata de confrontarlas como dos lecturas opuestas, sino, más bien, conciliarlas de un modo más sutil y mostrar que la gran aportación doctrinal de las Logische Untersuchungen no reside en haber ampliado la intuición, ni en haber afirmado la autonomía de la significación, sino en haber (...) establecido la primordialidad de la correlación entre el aparecer y lo que aparece como tal, esto es, la primacía de la donación del fenómeno. (shrink)

At the moment of his death, Jean Meslier not only bequeathed to posterity a Memoir in which he will openly declare his materialistic atheism, but also two letters addressed to the priests of his neighbourhood. In those letters, which can be read as a preface to his work, he urges his colleagues to undeceive themselves Christianity`s mistakes, unveil the mystery of inequity and enlighten their parishioners on the principles of good sense and the straight natural reason, issues that afterwards (...) planted the seed of a future revolution. This is the first Spanish translation of the letters mentioned above and it is addressed to spread some of Meslier’s most unknown works. (shrink)

At the moment of his death, Jean Meslier not only bequeathed to posterity a Memoir in which he will openly declare his materialistic atheism, but also two letters addressed to the priests of his neighbourhood. In those letters, which can be read as a preface to his work, he urges his colleagues to undeceive themselves Christianity`s mistakes, unveil the mystery of inequity and enlighten their parishioners on the principles of good sense and the straight natural reason, issues that afterwards (...) planted the seed of a future revolution. This is the first Spanish translation of the letters mentioned above and it is addressed to spread some of Meslier’s most unknown works. (shrink)

The general objective of this essay is to systematize Jean-Luc Nancy’s post- deconstructive reflections on the concept of evidence. A general claim of this paper is that the post-deconstructive concept of evidence is genuinely an epistemic concept of evidence insofar as it refers to structures involved in verification processes. Evidence is the presentation of a state of affairs that relates the presentation not only to what we claim about this state of affairs but also to the singular circumstances of (...) its production. Verification (the production of a claim’s truth) results directly from the singularities involved in the production or presentation of evidence. This means that evidence is never exhausted in the truth it produces or the knowledge it validates but remains a priori exposed or available to produce and validate unknown knowledge about unknown states of affairs. (shrink)

A partir de una tesis de Margaret Jacob, en este artículo se persiguen dos objetivos: por un lado, se realiza un análisis de la filosofía natural de Jean Meslier a fin de poner en evidencia la supremacía de la hipótesis materialista por sobre la creacionista; por el otro, se vincula su posición metafísica con su propuesta de acción política con la intención de poner en evidencia que el ateísmo popular y revolucionario defendido por el cura resulta compatible con la (...) idea de que el movimiento es una cualidad esencial de la materia y no un efecto de la voluntad de Dios. (shrink)

Jean Buridan developed his theory of consequence within a semantical framework compatible with what we now call token-based semantics. In his Treatise on Consequences and Sophismata, Buridan showed...

El pensamiento existencial ha sido determinante en su crítica a la abstracciónde los sistemas idealistas. Contribuyendo al desarrollo filosófico de lafenomenología, dicho pensamiento ha planteado de manera radicalmentenueva el problema de la existencia. Conviene por tanto preguntarsenuevamente por el destino del existencialismo, corriente que ha conocidouna gran moda después de la Segunda guerra mundial y que ha marcadomás de dos generaciones de intelectuales. En lo más fuerte de la ola, elexistencialismo representaba toda la filosofía, al punto que varios escritoresencontraron en (...) el pensamiento de la existencia nuevas formas de escritura,como lo testimonian los libros de Jean–Paul Sartre y de Maurice Merleau–Ponty. En esta óptica, el presente artículo trata sobre los temas ligados a laherencia y a la recepción del pensamiento existencial en dos autores biendiferentes como Sastre y Merleau–Ponty. (shrink)

El artículo expone la contraposición entre dos posiciones filosóficas (deconstrucción y reconstrucción), dos autores (Jacques Derrida, Jean Luc Ferry) y dos libros (Apprendre à vivre enfin, Apprendre à vivre). En última instancia, dos formas de entender las relaciones entre filosofía y vida. Más allá del logocentrismo, objeto de la deconstrucción, el biocentrismo es el eje de la tarea de reconstrucción de una filosofía articulada como ontología o teoría de lo real, filosofía moral o teoría de la justicia y sabiduría (...) o teoría de la salvación. En suma, una forma renovada de asumir la necesidad de la filosofía. (shrink)

On présente quelques manuels de patrologie récents , ainsi que quelques instruments de travail plus spécifiques ou plus généraux.

Two ideas of Jean-Luc Nancy stand out: the subject as a plurality of possibilities open to the world in a constant event and the importance of the body in understanding the subject’s situation in the world. These ideas are drawn from the works of Jean-Luc Nancy A subject? And Corpus. First, the main ideas of A Subject? And secondly, those of Corpus. In a final section, the main conclusions of these two ideas are drawn, among which stand out (...) the importance of understanding the subject as a plurality open to the becoming of the world and the importance of the body as the entity that experiences, thinks, and lives reality without intermediaries. (shrink)

Le terme de catallaxie a été forgé par F. Hayek pour exprimer l’ordre spontané du marché. Hayek a créé ce terme à partir du mot catallactique, ressorti peu avant de l’oubli par L. Mises, mot venu du verbe grec signifiant « échanger », pour éviter les ambigüités du mot « économie ». Ce papier a pour objet de rechercher la généalogie du terme « catallactique », depuis Richard Whately, qui a été le premier auteur, en 1831, à vouloir rebaptiser « (...) l’économie politique » en « catallactique ». Ce terme était connu et utilisé tout au long du XIX° siècle et on le trouve encore au début du XX° siècle dans divers manuels. L’utilisation de ce terme par Mises, puis Hayek, est donc la reprise d’une tradition remontant à Richard Whately. C’est l’occasion aussi de se pencher sur la vie de Richard Whately, professeur d’économie politique à Oxford jusqu’en 1831, puis archevêque anglican de Dublin. Il a notamment joué un grand rôle dans l’enseignement de cette discipline, en créant 4 000 cours d’économie politique. Un personnage intéressant, un peu trop ignoré aujourd’hui, qui a joué un rôle non négligeable dans la pensée économique. (shrink)

La notion de désobéissance civile connaît aujourd'hui un regain d'intérêt qui n'exclut pas toujours les approximations. Les noms de Thoreau, de Gandhi, de King, étroitement liés à son histoire, font désormais partie de la culture générale. Mais sait-on que l'idée d'une obéissance conditionnelle l'État et à ses lois émerge, sous la plume d'un John Locke, dès le XVIIe siècle ouvrant ainsi une brèche féconde dans les théories modernes du contrat social? Sait-on que la désobéissance civile fut, à l'exemple des universitaires (...) norvégiens en 1942, un des modes de résistance à l'occupation nazie? Se souvient-on qu'en Pologne, notamment, c'est une authentique campagne de désobéissance civile qui précipita l'effondrement du régime communiste? De Tolstoï à John Rawls, de la " marche du sel " en Inde aux " enseignants désobéisseurs " en France, ce concept s'est sans cesse enrichi sur les plans philosophiques et stratégiques. En un dialogue fertile avec les textes fondateurs et les grandes campagnes historiques, l'auteur nous montre ce qu'est la désobéissance civile : avant tout, un impératif éthique d'éprouver la légitimité de la loi et, le cas échéant, la faculté de rompre avec son cadre rassurant. Ce livre, qui se veut aussi un manuel pratique, montre que cette forme d'action directe non-violente, souvent efficace contre la tyrannie, peut et doit également contribuer à la respiration de nos démocraties essoufflées.-. (shrink)

This article carries out a systematic exposition of the concept of the body in Jean-Luc Nancy, with all the risks of reduction that such an exposition entails. First it is necessary to return to Western philosophy’s founding text on living corporality, that is, Aristotle’s treatise on the soul. The oppositions that can be established between the Greek thinker’s psyche (soul) and Nancy’s dead Psyche are not so radical as may at first be thought: In both it is a question (...) of thinking the soul as the difference, the retreat or departure in which the exposition of bodies consists. The article continues with an analysis of touch and the self and concludes with an elaboration of the idea of the body within the general program of the deconstruction of Christianity. (shrink)

This article carries out a systematic exposition of the concept of the body in Jean-Luc Nancy, with all the risks of reduction that such an exposition entails. First it is necessary to return to Western philosophy’s founding text on living corporality, that is, Aristotle’s treatise on the soul. The oppositions that can be established between the Greek thinker’s psyche (soul) and Nancy’s dead Psyche are not so radical as may at first be thought: In both it is a question (...) of thinking the soul as the difference, the retreat or departure in which the exposition of bodies consists. The article continues with an analysis of touch and the self and concludes with an elaboration of the idea of the body within the general program of the deconstruction of Christianity. (shrink)

The fourth volume in the series "Jean-Franðcois Lyotard: Writings on Contemporary Art and Artists" contains 48 texts written by Lyotard between the early seventies and 1998, the year of his death. Nine of these texts are previously unpublished papers on general aesthetics and the theory of art. The remaining 39 essays deal with 27 specific artists: Luciano Berio, Richard Lindner, René Guiffrey, Gianfranco Baruchello, Henri Maccheroni, Riwan Tromeur, Albert Ayme, Manuel Casimiro, Ruth Francken, Barnett Newman, Jean-Luc Parant, (...) François Lapouge, Sam Francis, André Dubreuil, Joseph Kosuth, Sarah Flohr, Lino Centi, Gigliola Fazzini, Bracha Lichtenberger Ettinger, Henri Martin, Michel Bouvet, Corinne Filippi, Stig Brogger, François Rouan, Pierre Skira Pastels, and Béatrice Casadesus. Many of these texts are notes or contributions to catalogues; some were published in now inaccessible journals. (shrink)

Abstractio dicitur multipliciter La distinction du concret et de l’abstrait est couramment employée dans la philosophie traditionnelle et fait à présent l’objet de débats importants qui lui donnent droit à une entrée (« abstrait », « abstrait et concret ») dans les manuels ou dictionnaires de métaphysique. Bien que la présentation de la distinction soit fixée dans ses grandes lignes, on remarque que les auteurs di...

En el presente artículo describo un octágono de oposición y equivalencia desarrollado por lógicos del siglo XIV, especialmente por Jean Buridan en su Summulae de dialectica. Dicho �cuadro� de oposición ofrece relaciones lógicas muy complejas, alguna de las cuales no está presente en el cuadrado tradicional de oposición. El octágono nos servirá para expresar tres tipos de oraciones: oraciones modales cuantificadas, oraciones oblicuas y oraciones con cuantificación explícita del predicado. El octágono muestra que la lógica medieval del siglo XIV (...) ofrece ya una lógica de relaciones, una lógica de la identidad y una lógica modal comparable a la lógica de nuestros días. (shrink)

Le titre de l’ouvrage présenté par Marco Panza, historien et philosophe des mathématiques très connu, est modeste. Il peut laisser croire qu’on a affaire à un des nombreux manuels présentant élémentairement les constructions successives des entiers naturels, des entiers relatifs, des rationnels et des réels telles qu’elles sont exposées en terminale scientifique. Mais cette modestie n’est que dans le titre, car dès la lecture de la préface on voit que l’ambition de l’auteur est toute autre. ..

Le titre de l’ouvrage présenté par Marco Panza, historien et philosophe des mathématiques très connu, est modeste. Il peut laisser croire qu’on a affaire à un des nombreux manuels présentant élémentairement les constructions successives des entiers naturels, des entiers relatifs, des rationnels et des réels telles qu’elles sont exposées en terminale scientifique. Mais cette modestie n’est que dans le titre, car dès la lecture de la préface on voit que l’ambition de l’auteur est toute autre....

La q4e de couv. indique : "Quels programmes, quels paradigmes sous-tendent les recherches en sciences humaines, créent les écoles rivales et rapprochent des disciplines différentes? Comment chacune de ces disciplines parvient-elle à articuler la dimension historique et structurelle qui la compose? Comment se gèrent les rapports entre modélisations mathématiques et récits de situation? Quelle place est donnée aux causes, quelle signification accordée aux raisons? Faut-il opposer ou articuler explication et compréhension? Les sciences sociales sont des disciplines aux frontières incertaines? Les (...) unes, comme l'histoire ou la géographie, remontent à l'Antiquité. Les autres, comme la sociologie ou la psychologie sociale, ont tout juste un siècle. Certaines prennent pour objet l'ensemble des phénomènes sociaux et d'autres - l'économie, la linguistique, etc. - privilégient un domaine d'activité déterminé. Mais derrière cette diversité - d'origines, d'objet, de tradition - surgissent des points essentiels de rencontre et de recouvrement que synthétise et interroge ce manuel.". (shrink)

En los capítulos tercero y cuarto de Sobre los nombres divinos, Dionisio desentraña el significado y el papel que poseen la unidad y el ser. Es un autor que, fruto de la absorción del pensamiento del neoplatonismo y de la tradición griega, ha marcado profundamente la filosofía y la teología medieval. La reflexión del filósofo francés Jean-Luc Marion sobre la eminencia del nombre conduce a la consideración de la Bondad como expresión del don originario de Dios.

Cet article analyse la notion de « sens » chez Jean-Luc Nancy à partir du constat suivant : le phénomène du sens et de la supposée « crise du sens » qui traverserait aujourd’hui l’humanité révèle que le sens du sens est lui-même celui d’une mutation. Face à cette révélation, il ne s’agit plus de poser la question : « que faire? », « vers où aller? » ou « comment orienter une nouvelle mutation? ». Il s’agit d’entamer la (...) critique du sens, la recherche des conditions de possibilité de la production et de transformation du sens, c’est-à-dire du monde lui-même par la pensée, la connaissance et l’action. (shrink)

El objetivo del presente artículo consiste en exponer el modo en el cual Lacan y Deleuze pueden contribuir a delinear una hipótesis sobre el estatuto de la afirmación. Pese a que tradicionalmente se ha tratado de mantener una separación estricta entre ambos pensamientos, mostraremos que existe la posibilidad de exponer una afirmación radicalizada, que pondría a ambos en la pista de un pluralismo abierto a las diferencias singulares no reducibles a una identidad dominante. En ambos casos, ello supondría una puesta (...) en entredicho y una reformulación de la negación. La lectura desarrollada por Lacan a partir del comentario hegeliano de la Verneinung, llevada a cabo por Jean Hyppolite, permite entender cómo la negatividad abre más bien cierto tipo de afirmación, que quizá anticipa la formulación de una ontología de la diferencia, como la que Deleuze advierte en Hyppolite contra Hegel. Intentaremos mostrar que dicha afirmación se produce conceptualmente al momento de elaborar cierta destitución del problema de la negatividad. En su mutuo refuerzo, advertiremos que se puede pensar una potencia de afirmación de la diferencia, apoyada en esta alianza entre una teoría elaborada desde preocupaciones clínicas y un pensamiento obstinado en sustraer a la diferencia de la negatividad. (shrink)