本书共八章,分为上下两篇。上篇围绕张先生所提出的新哲学观而进行阐述;下篇论述张先生关于中西哲学、文化之发展及其比较研究。.

This article describes a representation-based framework of distributed cognition. This framework considers distributed cognition as a cognitive system whose structures and processes are distributed between internal and external representations, across a group of individuals, and across space and time. The major issue for distributed research, under this framework, are the distribution, transformation, and propagation of information across the components of the distributed cognitive system and how they affect the performance of the system as a whole. To demonstrate the value of (...) this representation-based approach, the framework was used to describe and explain an important, challenging, and controversial issue — the concept of affordance. (shrink)

This article describes a representation-based framework of distributed cognition. This framework considers distributed cognition as a cognitive system whose structures and processes are distributed between internal and external representations, across a group of individuals, and across space and time. The major issue for distributed research, under this framework, are the distribution, transformation, and propagation of information across the components of the distributed cognitive system and how they affect the performance of the system as a whole. To demonstrate the value of (...) this representation-based approach, the framework was used to describe and explain an important, challenging, and controversial issue — the concept of affordance. (shrink)

本书收录了作者的《问题与思路——一种“注意链”的现象描述》、《语言空间》、《解释学的边界性》等12篇有关研究语言哲学的论文。.

This article assumes that a profession is a number of individuals in the same occupation voluntarily organized to earn a living by openly serving a moral ideal in a morally-permissible way beyond what law, market, morality, and public opinion would otherwise require. Our question is whether the concept of profession may have a far wider range than the term, so that, for example, pointing out that a certain language lacks a word for “profession” in our sense, is not enough to (...) show that those who speak the language also lack the concept. We believe the survey of 71 Chinese reported here begins to answer that question. This article has four parts. The first describes who was interviewed, how, when, and so on. The second describes some important features of the survey’s questions, explaining how the questions track the concept of profession. The third part reports and interprets the results relevant to our question. The forth defends a tentative answer to the question with which we began—arguing the survey supports the claim that China has a profession of engineering. This article should serve as a “proof of concept”, that is, a model for similar studies around the world both of engineering and of other occupations thought to be professions. (shrink)

This article offers a solution to the numbers problem within an individualist moral framework. Its central aims are as follows: to rescue individualist moral theories, such as moral contractualism, from their long-standing problem with interpersonal aggregation; to demonstrate how, proceeding from an individualist mode of justification, we can nevertheless make the numbers count without directly counting the numbers; to provide an individualist rationale for accepting a partially aggregative criterion of adjudication for resolving interpersonal trade-offs; and finally, to develop an extensionally (...) adequate version of partial aggregation that finds application in more structurally complex cases. (shrink)

In his 1934 book Art as Experience John Dewey explores the relationship between human experience and art. His theory builds on the conception of experience inspired by Darwinian biology as the dyna...

Modern socialist economic reforms which center on the establishment of a commodity based economic system, demand a reconsideration of human nature. Marxism and human sociobiology give different answers to questions about human nature, but neither is complete in itself. It seems timely, therefore, to suggest that a combination of biological understanding with a Marxist-based social understanding would produce a more adequate notion of human nature, thereby helping us to resolve a number of problems posed by reforms currently taking place in (...) socialist countries. We might also hope to face new challenges posed in the future. (shrink)

The autophagy initiation complex is brought about via a highly ordered and stepwise assembly process. Two crucial signaling molecules, mTORC1 and AMPK, orchestrate this assembly by phosphorylating/dephosphorylating autophagy‐related proteins. Activation of Atg1 followed by recruitment of both Atg9 vesicles and the PI3K complex I to the PAS (phagophore assembly site) are particularly crucial steps in its formation. Ypt1, a small Rab GTPase in yeast cells, also plays an essential role in the formation of the autophagy initiation complex through multiple regulatory (...) pathways. In this review, our primary focus is to discuss how signaling molecules initiate the assembly of the autophagy initiation complex, and highlight the significant roles of Ypt1 in this process. We end by addressing issues that need future clarification. (shrink)

With the development of teachers’ psychological cognition, the moral education curriculum develops as per the changes in times. Currently, a resurgence of interest on studying teachers’ perceptions of the moral education curriculum has observed. This is because moral education curriculum of each country plays a unique role in the overall design of the country’s education curriculum. However, studies on teachers’ perceptions of the moral education curriculum are scarce, and no framework has been developed to guide the teaching and learning of (...) teachers for the moral education curriculum for schools. The moral education curriculum serves as one of the main vehicles for value education, with teachers as direct executors. It can influence the overall development of the school system and long-term development of a country. Thus, in this paper, we reviewed current literature related to teachers’ perceptions of the moral education curriculum and developed future trends considering teachers’ perceptions of the moral education curriculum in improving existing moral education programs in a country. We identified a list of keywords related to moral education curriculum and teacher perceptions and relevant to the scope of this study. These keywords were used to search the articles from the Scopus and WoS studies. Overall, 32 papers meeting the search criteria were retrieved. Further, we conducted thematic studies, and four themes were successfully identified: the model of teacher perceptions of moral and national education, the dimensions of the teacher ethics model, teaching strategies, and the role of teachers. The results of this study suggested a new framework for research trends in teachers’ perception models, particularly toward the moral education curriculum. This study contributed to the knowledge regarding teaching and learning approaches of moral education considering teachers’ perceptions of the moral education curriculum. The findings of study would benefit future studies and would improve the implementation of a country’s moral education program. (shrink)

Considering that the development of urbanization cannot be separated from the application of landscape pattern evolution, in order to improve the development level of ecocity, a modeling analysis of ecological urban landscape pattern evolution based on multisource remote sensing data is proposed. Taking ecotype city as the research object, the remote sensing images of ecological urban landscape pattern are screened by using multisource remote sensing data and nonremote sensing data as the basic data. CA-Markov model is constructed and the evolution (...) of ecological urban landscape pattern is analyzed. The experimental results show that, from 2005 to 2020, the development level of urbanization process is higher and higher and the area of building land patches is increasing, which reduces the fragmentation of building land patches. However, the landscape of cultivated land and green space is less and less, and the distribution of the patches also causes uneven phenomenon, which leads to the gradual decline of ecological urban landscape diversity. In the ecological urban landscape pattern, the degree of fragmentation and diversity of urban landscape is reduced due to the high connection and coverage of the construction land. (shrink)

Early and later Confucians, known in Chinese as the “ruists” school of ancient origins, perceived the idea of “harmony” as a fundamental concept that lies at the basis of self-cultivation, society and governance. In modern times this idea still plays in one or another form a dominant note in Chinese politics and social life. The article attempts to search for causes of the significance of “harmony” by focusing on analyzing two pivotal Confucian texts compiled in the Han dynasty, namely, Records (...) of Music [Yue ji 樂記] and Divination of Music [Yue wei 樂緯]. The analysis shows that ruists belonging to Zhou dynasty’s imperial class of music officials, gradually developed the aesthetics of music into a complex idea of "harmony" that contains the highest aesthetical way—“Dao”—which guides both the whole universe as well as the evolution of human society. (shrink)

As a result of simultaneous developments, including the proliferation of opportunities for online feedback, the application of discourse ethics to journalism, and a greater emphasis on journalistic accountability, the time is ripe for revisiting opportunities that online mechanisms provide for holding journalists accountable to audiences. This paper proposes recommendations to guide hosting online comments in light of the Habermasian framework of discourse ethics developed by Glasser and Ettema (2008). It also explores the limits of such approaches in nations with different (...) press models, such as the development model as practiced in China. (shrink)

This research investigates whether required employee green behavior can spill over to a proactive form of green behavior termed green advocacy. Drawing on self-perception theory, we theorize and test a moderated mediation model in which required employee green behavior is positively associated with green advocacy via the mediation of pro-environmental self-identity, with the strength of such association contingent upon employee moral identity. Data collected in three waves from 297 employees at a large manufacturing firm in China provide support for the (...) research model. Results show that pro-environmental self-identity explains the positive association between required employee green behavior and green advocacy and that its mediating role is stronger when moral identity is higher (vs. lower). This study advances workplace green behavior research by identifying a novel psychological path and extending knowledge about a boundary condition. (shrink)

《皓首沉思錄——林可濟哲學論文自選集（2003～2014）》是作者耄耋之年（2003～2014年）撰寫、並公開發表過的38篇哲學論文的彙集。 全書有七個部分。第一部分講“中西哲學及其比較”，涉及海德格爾的哲學史觀、雅斯貝爾斯的“軸心時代”理論、中國古代哲學基本問題、王陽明哲學屬性以及梁漱溟關於中西文化哲學及其比較等。第二部分是對北京大學哲學 系在1957年召開的、全國性的中國哲學史座談會的回顧與反思。第三部分是為紀念黨的十一屆三中全會召開30周年，對以往哲學理論中若干爭論問題的回顧與反思。第四部分是闡述我國現代幾位著名哲學家（金岳霖、馮友 蘭、熊十力、湯用彤、張岱年、任繼愈、張世英等）具有原創性與代表性的哲學思想與人生際遇。第五部分是講哲學與科學關係。作者對“李約瑟問題”和“希格斯玻色子”的發現問題，發表了自己的見解。第六部分是講審美觀 與人生境界問題。第七部分是學派研究和讀書評論。 該書由著名哲學家、北京大學資深教授張世英先生作序。.

Bibliography of the latest research results show that, "Mueller commentary" because that "exchanges of alienation" and greatly deepened the whole "Paris Manuscripts" theory of meaning and significance. The findings from the perspective of the history of philosophy to support and evidence, as follows: in the "Mill commentary" in the invention can obviously see that Hegel's recognition of the important impact of Marx, Hegel and Marx acknowledged topic a major advance. Marx on the mutual recognition among people under capitalist conditions occur (...) in a serious distortion and alienation reveals the highlights in the "Mill commentary" from the perspective of monetary and exchange of commodities' exchanges of alienation, "the note. The latest research results in philology shows: The alienation of communication put forward in "comments on Mill" extremely deepens the theoretical connotation and meaning in "Paris manuscripts". The research results can he supported and elaborated in philosophical history perspective, that is, Hegel's recognition obviously shown in "comments on Mill" makes a great impact on Marx and progress made by Marx. The rewlation which is about deformation and alienation of recognition between individuals under capitalist conditions is embodied in the interpretation of "alienation of communication" in the exchange of money and commodity perspective in "comments on Mill". (shrink)

My thesis is that the problem with our nation's agricultural system has not been solved. Consequently, it has become impossible to increase productivity. The primary conflict is one that exists between the cadres and the masses. This conflict will not go away before the systemic problem is solved.

The Y chromosome in the XY sex-determination system is often shorter than its X counterpart, a condition attributed to degeneration after Y recombination ceases. Contrary to the traditional view of continuous, gradual degeneration, our study reveals stabilization within large mating populations. In these populations, we demonstrate that both mutant and active alleles on the Y chromosome can reach equilibrium through a mutation-selection balance. However, the emergence of a new species, particularly through the founder effect, can disrupt this equilibrium. Specifically, if (...) the male founders of a new species carry only a mutant allele for a particular Y-linked gene, this allele becomes fixed, leading to the loss of the corresponding active gene on the Y chromosome. Our findings suggest that the rate of Y-chromosome degeneration may be linked to the frequency of speciation events associated with single-male founder events. (shrink)

France's "republican assimilation" immigration policy has been widely questioned, and the contradiction and estrangement between Muslim immigrants and the mainstream society seems to be deepening. This paper focuses on the coexistence of French republican values and Muslim culture, discusses and analyzes the French immigration policy and various social problems caused by Muslim immigrants in France, and puts forward suggestions on how to solve these problems. The study found that the high unemployment rate, the backward living environment, the discrimination brought by (...) the society, and the dissatisfaction in the heart are the most important social survival pressure faced by the French Muslim immigrant groups under the background of the French republican assimilation policy and the era. From the perspective of French local people, the employment pressure, population pressure, welfare pressure and security pressure brought by Muslim immigrants have deepened their exclusion and resentment towards Muslim immigrants. In order to realize the harmonious coexistence of French republican values and Muslim culture, as the main body of French immigration issues, Muslims should not only integrate into the Republic with a positive attitude, but also overcome the inherent closeness of Islamic culture. Actively participate in the activities of French mainstream society through various channels, understand French culture in the activities, and improve the relationship with the mainstream French people. At the same time, France must build a "republic" immigration policy that keeps pace with the times. Find a migration integration model that can not only accommodate political and cultural diversity, but also solve social conflicts under the national system. (shrink)

本书以东方文化为背景,从宗教理论、理想人格、人与社会、天人关系及天道本体诸方面采撷数十位古今中外文化名人精彩名句100余条进行阐释。.

By critically reviewing the event of Dewey’s visit to China (1919-1921) through historical, philosophical and comparative perspectives, this book finds new value to revive the dialogue between Dewey and Eastern philosophies as a way to respond to contemporary educational challenges.

本书是关于科学的逻辑与方法论方面的著作。内容包括科学知识的结构与基础;科学发明与科学证明;确证逻辑:假说演绎法;确证逻辑:贝叶斯方法等。.

本书介绍和评述了模糊语义学的各种学派,讨论了模糊语义和适用性理论的问题,勾画了此学科发展的新动向.