Background Providing understandable information to patients is necessary to achieve the aims of the Informed Consent process: respecting and promoting patients’ autonomy and protecting patients from harm. In recent decades, new, primarily digital technologies have been used to apply and test innovative formats of Informed Consent. We conducted a systematic review to explore the impact of using digital tools for Informed Consent in both clinical research and in clinical practice. Understanding, satisfaction and participation were compared for digital tools versus the (...) non-digital Informed Consent process. Methods We searched for studies on available electronic databases, including Pubmed, EMBASE, and Cochrane. Studies were identified using specific Mesh-terms/keywords. We included studies, published from January 2012 to October 2020, that focused on the use of digital Informed Consent tools for clinical research, or clinical procedures. Digital interventions were defined as interventions that used multimedia or audio–video to provide information to patients. We classified the interventions into 3 different categories: video only, non-interactive multimedia, and interactive multimedia. Results Our search yielded 19,579 publications. After title and abstract screening 100 studies were retained for full-text analysis, of which 73 publications were included. Studies examined interactive multimedia, non-interactive multimedia, and videos, and most studies were conducted on adults. Innovations in consent were tested for clinical/surgical procedures and clinical research. For research IC, 21 outcomes were explored, with a positive effect on at least one of the studied outcomes being observed in 8/12 studies. For clinical/surgical procedures 49 outcomes were explored, and 21/26 studies reported a positive effect on at least one of the studied outcomes. Conclusions Digital technologies for informed consent were not found to negatively affect any of the outcomes, and overall, multimedia tools seem desirable. Multimedia tools indicated a higher impact than videos only. Presence of a researcher may potentially enhance efficacy of different outcomes in research IC processes. Studies were heterogeneous in design, making evaluation of impact challenging. Robust study design including standardization is needed to conclusively assess impact. (shrink)

This article deals with the discussion on the status of the human embryo in Italy on a philosophical, socio-ethical and juridical level before, during and after the law. Different lines of thought are outlined and critically discussed. The focus is the debate over the so-called embryonic stem cells, pointing out the ethical premises and the juridical implications. The regulations in Italy are analysed in detail, referring to legislation and jurisprudence. In particular the author includes evidence for the debate after the (...) law came in, with specific attention on the question of the use of imported embryonic stem cells and public financing for research and the problem of the use of frozen and non-implantable embryos. (shrink)

Da sempre l’uomo ha cercato di migliorare la sua condizione. Oggi nel contesto del rapido sviluppo della tecno-scienza si aprono nuove possibilità di interventi finalizzati all’enhancement o potenziamento della salute e della vita dell’uomo e della stessa umanità. Molteplici sono gli interrogativi etici emergenti. È lecito usare farmaci e tecnologie non solo per curare malattie, ma anche per potenziare capacità fisiche, mentali ed emotive? È lecito estendere la vita biologicamente ad ogni costo fino alla ‘immortalità terrena’? È lecito selezionare e (...) alterare le caratteristiche genetiche degli individui? È lecito impiantare protesi meccaniche nel cervello per migliorare la mente? È lecito usare farmaci o stimolazioni neurologiche per cancellare ricordi? È lecito costruire computer che imitano la mente e che la sostituiscano? È lecito costruire robot che interagiscano con umani e tra loro? Il modo in cui risponderemo a queste domande sarà determinante non solo per il presente, ma anche per il futuro dell’umanità. Il volume si articola in due parti. Una prima affronta il dibattito sul piano teorico mettendo a confronto gli argomenti favorevoli e contrari all’enhancement in senso generale, allo scopo di delineare una riflessione critica ponderata che giustifichi i requisiti etici minimi per una regolamentazione che non ostacoli l’innovazione ma al tempo stesso sappia tutelare i valori e i diritti fondamentali dell’uomo. La seconda parte analizza i principali ambiti applicativi oggi in discussione: dalle tecnologie esistenti (chirurgia estetica, doping sportivo), alle tecnologie emergenti (potenziamento genetico, biologico, neuro-cognitivo) fino alle tecnologie convergenti (nanotecnologie, biotecnologie, informatica e scienze cognitive) e agli scenari radicali che si prefigurano nel transumanesimo e postumanesimo. (shrink)

Over the last few decades an increasingly pressing social demand for access to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has emerged. Alongside the use of reproductive technologies, relevant bioethical and biolegal issues arise, such as the claim of a “right” to have a child, the so-called “reproductive rights”, of the prospective parents and the rights of children. This paper explores these and further challenges, both old and new, calling for a transformation of parenthood and filiation, from the perspective of the different theories (...) of the contemporary pluralistic debate, with a descriptive and critical analysis of the recent Report on ART of the Unesco International Bioethics Committee, the first global document on these topics. (shrink)

There are three main intersections between transhumanism and the future of work, related to the different meanings of transhumanism: 1. the radical meaning of the transformation of the human condition towards perfection beyond humanity conceived as a limitation ) in the context of the devaluation of the human being1: towards perfection «beyond» the human range in the workplace; 2. the intermediate meaning of enhancement as the quantitative and qualitative increase of human capacities 2: towards perfection «in» humans in the workplace; (...) 3. the use of emerging technologies 3 in order to enhance «human work». (shrink)