A Inteligência Artificial (AI) é a mais nova hype tecnológica. Embora envolva grande diversidade de tecnologias, uma imagem genérica, superpoderosa, fortemente negativa e, no limite, distópica da IA tem sido disseminada, especialmente por obras de ficção científica. Recentemente, sobretudo após o lançamento do ChatGPT, houve uma explosão de publicações jornalísticas e acadêmicas, que, em parte, reforçam esse imaginário. Nas abordagens acadêmicas, os riscos seguem em destaque e, inclusive, cenários apocalípticos relacionados à AI são levados em consideração. A preocupação ética, então, (...) assume um sentido eminentemente negativo e os possíveis benefícios das AIs, muito mais realistas, são subfocalizados. Neste artigo, destacamos a importância de ir além da hype, desenvolvendo abordagens multi/interdisciplinares, delimitadas, realistas e ponderadas. Recorrendo à inteligência coletiva expressa na interação entre pesquisadores de três áreas (ciência da computação, linguística e filosofia), abordamos uma ferramenta de tradução automática (Machine Translation) gratuita: Google Translate. Nosso objetivo é mostrar que abordagens bem delimitadas, multidisciplinares, tecnicamente respaldadas e que não adotem o discurso sensacionalista nos conduzem a reflexões epistemicamente mais consistentes e crítico-normativas mais ponderadas, o que seria fundamental para o avanço do debate sobre AI. (shrink)

Much significant work on the topic of privacy and identity on social network sites stems from the realms of media, information and cultural studies, and sociology eschewing language-based disciplines almost entirely. To redress the balance, this article draws on discourse-centred online ethnography, an approach which blends online ethnography with discourse analysis, to explore how self-presentation on Facebook is regulated by means of privacy. To this end, I analyse a dataset of statuses, comments, links, photographs and interviews from five Greek users. (...) The findings highlight users’ creativity and criticality in combining software affordances with linguistic signals and textual practices to manage their privacy and hence their identity. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to make good philosophical sense of Plato’s portrayal of Zeno in the Phaedrus, both in itself and in the light of the characterization emerging from the Parmenides, where Plato describes Zeno as a faithful defender of the doctrine of the One-All professed by his teacher Parmenides. Therefore, starting from the example of the Parmenides, I will demonstrate that, from Plato’s point of view, the pairs of opposites that characterize Zeno’s arguments in the Phaedrus do (...) not constitute contrasting positions that the Eleatic thinker adopted at different times, but contradictory consequences deriving from the admission of multiplicity. Finally, this will allow us to truly understand both the reason why in the Phaedrus Zeno is counted among those who practice the ἀντιλογικὴ τέχνη and the sarcasm that Plato expresses through the epithet Palamedes. (shrink)

No sermão pelo bom sucesso das armas de Portugal contra as da Holanda, Vieira explana todos os seus dotes de prosador invulgar, teólogo eminente, jurista incontornável, humanista convicto e, acima de tudo, patriota assumido. O presente trabalho pretende, sobretudo, relevar o poder argumentative do orador, seguindo de perto as considerações de Chaïm Perelman sobre a Retórica como "discurso que visa convencer ou persuadir". Simultaneamente, desta-cam-se os голоl ou valores universais patenteados no texto de Vieira e que constituem a base da (...) teoria da argumentação de Oswald Ducrot. \\\ In the "Sermon for the good success of the Portuguese army against Holland's", Vieira displays all his gifts as an uncommon writer, an excellent theologian, a non negligeable jurist, a convinced humanist, and, above all, a wholehearted patriot. This essay is an attempt to put in evidence the preacher's argumentative power, on the basis of Chaïm Perelman's considerations on Rethoric as "a speech that aims to convince or persuade". At the same time, we emphasize, as displayed in Vieira's text, the "topoi", or universal values, that are the basis of Oswald Ducrot's argumentation theory. (shrink)

Segundo o autor do artigo, o estudo do tédio na obra de Kierkegaard tem sido objecto de relativamente pouco interesse, sobretudo quando comparado com a angústia, a melancolia, a ironia ou o desespero. A verdade, porém, é que o tédio constitui uma disposição fundamental, um limite extremo de uma forma da existência. Neste sentido, o artigo pretende fazer uma análise das principais formas que a disposição do tédio assume, e da sua particular relevância no interior do que, na obra de (...) Kierkegaard, se chama "estádio estético". Em ordem a esse fim, o autor analisa a relação que o tédio mantém com as possibilidades que a vida disponibiliza e, sobretudo, a sua peculiar relação com o nada. Mostra-se sobretudo que tipo de lucidez se pode considerar como efeito do tédio, qual o aspecto da vida que nele se torna patente e de que forma, por ele, o sujeito acaba por reconhecer estar constituído numa superioridade relativamente a tudo o que é finito. Assim, no centro deste estudo estão as determinações fundamentais de disposição e de finito, bem como, num segundo momento, o esboço de uma "anatomia comparada" das disposições fundamentais do sujeito humano, a saber, do tédio, da melancolia e da angústia. \\\ The study of boredom in Kierkegaard's work has attracted relatively little interest compared to the more visited themes of anxiety, melancholy, irony and despair. For Kierkegaard, boredom is a fundamental mood. And only when we are in this mood can we experience one of the extreme states of existence. For Kierkegaard, boredom manifests itself in what he terms the "aesthetic stage". With this premise in mind, the article explains the relationship boredom has with the possibilities life puts before us, but more importantly its peculiar relationship with nothingness. The article explores in particular the effect boredom has on lucidity and, more specifically, attempts to answer the question about the aspect of life that is better perceived when the subject is in a state of boredom. A crucial question, for example, is this: how does being in a state of boredom reveal to the human subject the fact that he/she is superior to everything that is finite? At the centre of the article are the notions of mood and finiteness, in accordance to which the author delivers what might be called a "comparative anatomy" of fundamental states of human existence such as boredom, melancholy and anxiety. (shrink)

This paper is focused on the possibility of a dialogue between Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO) and phenomenology, a dialogue concerning the problem of objects and relations. In the first part, the author shows what is interesting in OOO from a phenomenological perspective and why it should be considered as a challenge for contemporary philosophy. The second part develops the phenomenological perspective of the author, a perspective based on Merleau-Ponty’s “carnal” phenomenology, as well as some suggestions coming from the Italian school of (...) Gaetano Kanizsa. The third part is dedicated to the objections of the author to the OOO view regarding the separation between objects and relations: a separation which leads to Harman’s quadruple object. In the concluding portion, the author shows that, despite evident differences between phenomenological and OOO’s views of relations, OOO offers new starting points for phenomenological reflections, thanks to its specific focus on objects and its pluralistic view of reality. (shrink)

We propose a set theory, called NRFST, in which the Cantorian axiom of infinity is negated, and a new notion of infinity is introduced via non standard methods, i. e. via adequate notions of standard and internal, two unary predicates added to the language of ZF. After some initial results on NRFST, we investigate its relative consistency with respect to ZF and Kawai's WNST.

Although Hegel is very critical of representative democracy, his views on political participation are in many ways richer and more sophisticated than the ones favoured today by most Western societies. The present paper aims to shed light on this apparent paradox by dispelling some of the misunderstandings still associated with Hegel’s ethical and political thought. I argue, on the one hand, that Hegel’s emphasis on the notion of freedom does not amount to an endorsement of political liberalism, but to a (...) critique of its underlying principles. On the other hand, I show that the Hegelian theory of the modern state, albeit falling short of a fully democratic constitutional solution, is by no means opposed to social justice or political pluralism. Hegel views political freedom as the result of a global web of mutual recognition, embodied by social institutions destined to bridge the gap between private and communal interests. Despite the ambiguous and outdated elements of Hegel’s description, I believe his overall solution remains uniquely relevant, and an important source for the ongoing debate about the merits and limitations of contemporary democracies. (shrink)

Although Hegel is very critical of representative democracy, his views on political participation are in many ways richer and more sophisticated than the ones favoured today by most Western societies. The present paper aims to shed light on this apparent paradox by dispelling some of the misunderstandings still associated with Hegel’s ethical and political thought. I argue, on the one hand, that Hegel’s emphasis on the notion of freedom does not amount to an endorsement of political liberalism, but to a (...) critique of its underlying principles. On the other hand, I show that the Hegelian theory of the modern state, albeit falling short of a fully democratic constitutional solution, is by no means opposed to social justice or political pluralism. Hegel views political freedom as the result of a global web of mutual recognition, embodied by social institutions destined to bridge the gap between private and communal interests. Despite the ambiguous and outdated elements of Hegel’s description, I believe his overall solution remains uniquely relevant, and an important source for the ongoing debate about the merits and limitations of contemporary democracies. (shrink)

Several complementary approaches have been fruitful in the study of transport from the ER to the Golgi complex in yeast. Mutational analysis has led to the identification of genes required for this process, many of which are now being studied at the molecular and biochemical level. In the case of SEC18, DNA sequence analysis has demonstrated homology to a factor needed for transport in mammalian in vitro systems. In addition, the events that take place at this stage of the secretory (...) pathway have been reconstituted in vitro. (shrink)

El prisma desvanece la luz y lo matiza con todos los colores del arcoíris, de esa misma manera la identidad lo hace con la realidad de la especie humana que se regodea en identidades, sociedades y mundos en donde el problema teórico y epistemológico se vuelven un espejismo al querer ver un mundo lleno de multiculturalidades o un mundo globalizado, como si el concepto de identidad fuera un concepto caduco e innecesario para la comprensión del hombre social en su mundo (...) y en el mundo, siendo que este concepto sigue vigente y perdura dejando varias preguntas. (shrink)

This article provides a critical reexamination of Blaise Pascal’s fragment on the “eternal silence of infinite spaces”, challenging the conventional objections, notably those by Paul Valéry. It presents an analytical journey through the philosophical and existential dimensions of Pascal’s text, exploring the unique interplay between human solitude and cosmic silence. The discussion navigates the intricate relationship between individual perception and the overarching sense of existential dread evoked by the universe’s vastness. This exploration is enriched by contrasting Pascal’s insights with broader (...) philosophical contexts, including references to Kierkegaard and the concept of the ‘music of the spheres’. Ultimately, the paper offers a nuanced interpretation of Pascal’s work, emphasizing its enduring relevance in understanding the human condition within the unfathomable expanse of the universe. (shrink)

Entre os muitos textos em que Leibniz introduz e apresenta o princípio de razão suficiente está, como se sabe, o do parágrafo 7 dos Princípios da Natureza e da Graça. O texto diz: "Jusqu'icy nous n'avons parlé qu'en simples Physiciens : maintenant il faut s'elever à la Metaphysique, en nous servant du Grand Principe, peu employé communement, qui porte que rien ne se fait sans raison suffisante, c'est à dire que rien n'arrive, sans qu'il soit possible à celuy qui connoitroit (...) assés les choses, de rendre une Raison qui suffise pour determiner, pourquoy il en est ainsi, et non pas autrement. Ce principe posé, la premiere question qu'on a droit de faire, sera, Pourquoy il y a plustôt quelque chose que rien? Car le rien est plus simple et plus facile que quelque chose. De plus, supposé que des choses doivent exister, il faut qu'on puisse rendre raison, pourquoy elles doivent exister ainsi, et non autrement". O texto é evidentemente muito denso e inclui uma enorme multiplicidade de aspectos que deveriam ser analisados, por exemplo, o pouco uso que se faz de um princípio que, todavia, está sempre presente em tudo o que pensamos e fazemos; o facto de ter de haver uma razão para haver algo e para haver o que há; o facto de o nada ser mais fácil do que o ente; que se entende, afinal, por razão, que é que queremos dizer quando dizemos que há razão para qualquer coisa; que é que a noção de suficiência acrescenta à noção de razão, etc. O problema é, aliás, bem actual. D. Parfit, em On What Matters, escreve logo na primeira página do primeiro capítulo: "It is hard to explain the concept of reason, or what the phrase 'a reason' means. Facts give us reasons, we might say, when they count in favour of our having some attitude, or our acting in some way. But 'counts in favour of' means roughly 'gives a reason for'. Like some other fundamental concepts, the concept of a reason is indefinable in the sense that it cannot be helpfully explained merely by using words". Ou seja, não é claro a que é que corresponde a noção de razão, e apesar de Parfit ignorar tranquilamente o que a tradição pensou sobre o assunto, pode valer a pena regressar a Leibniz, também porque Leibniz se vangloria com frequência de dizer que o princípio de razão suficiente é o seu princípio. (shrink)

A growing body of evidence in cognitive psychology and neuroscience suggests a deep interconnection between sensory-motor and language systems in the brain. Based on recent neurophysiological findings on the anatomo-functional organization of the fronto-parietal network, we present a computational model showing that language processing may have reused or co-developed organizing principles, functionality, and learning mechanisms typical of premotor circuit. The proposed model combines principles of Hebbian topological self-organization and prediction learning. Trained on sequences of either motor or linguistic units, the (...) network develops independent neuronal chains, formed by dedicated nodes encoding only context-specific stimuli. Moreover, neurons responding to the same stimulus or class of stimuli tend to cluster together to form topologically connected areas similar to those observed in the brain cortex. Simulations support a unitary explanatory framework reconciling neurophysiological motor data with established behavioral evidence on lexical acquisition, access, and recall. (shrink)

Key representatives of the dialectical tradition, Hegel and Adorno conceived philosophy as a critical tool, directed both at the naive realism of ordinary reason and the more sophisticated realism of modern scientific discourse. For the two authors, philosophy’s main task is to question received ideas and practices and to expose their underlying contradictions, thereby enabling meaningful forms of cultural and political change. But while for Hegel this procedure takes the form of a systematic enquiry, leading from a spurious to a (...) true account of reality, Adorno rejects the idea that reason and reality can be reconciled. On the one hand, he praises Hegel for having developed a truly dialectical form of criticism, set into motion by the immanent unfolding of reality’s intrinsic contradictions. On the other hand, he views Hegel’s emphasis on systematic integration as a form of dogmatism, which must itself be criticized. Instead of a ‘positive’ or ‘closed’ dialectic, fuelled by the expectation of a final overarching synthesis, Adorno calls for a ‘negative’ or ‘open’ dialectic, radically averse to all forms of unification. In doing so, however, he is led to question the very limits of conceptual reason, leaving criticism vulnerable to new forms of attack. (shrink)

Neste artigo analisa‑se a Máxima de La Rochefoucauld “l’esprit est toujours la dupe du coeur”. O esclarecimento da noção de coração passa por uma análise dos mecanismos do inconsciente, pela investigação do que se entende por corpo e da sua relação com o conceito de coração. Estuda‑se a oposição entre espírito e coração, como formas de “legislação” contrárias entre si, e como se produz o seu apaziguamento.

Can the freedom of expression be rightfully restricted? If so, how should one distinguish between what may and may not be expressed to others? To answer these questions, I focus on the liberal approach to free speech, introduced by Kant and Stuart Mill, and discuss its main limitations. Based on this analysis, I propose a new normative framework grounded in a critical reassessment of the concept of harm. I argue that this concept must be clarified and expanded so as to (...) cover a wider range of conflicts and that its application must take into account the diversity and the inequality that characterize the public sphere. These conclusions then lead to the identification of the forms of expression that may be legitimately curbed, along with their scope and context. The proposed solution countenances the restriction of expressive acts that contravene the right to one’s privacy, good name and physical or psychological welfare, but rejects the arbitrariness associated with the notions of offence, insult and obscenity. To be legitimate, restrictions must be directed primarily at the discourses or attitudes that might compromise the participation of their targets in the public sphere, and hence the very exercise of their freedom of expression. (shrink)

El autor muestra en el artículo que la reforma baconiana del saber no puede ser enteramente comprendida y justamente valorada si es que no se repara en el fuerte cariz religioso, de raigambre calvinista, de esta empresa. Desde este punto de vista, el saber no es un puro empeño teórico, sino la herramienta mediante la cual el hombre podrá recuperar su condición original de señor de la naturaleza. Este saber, sin embargo, no puede estar desprovisto de caridad: debe poder mejorar (...) la triste condición humana. Esto último situaría, paradójicamente, a Bacon, el llamado padre de la Revolución Industrial, entre aquellos que repudiarían nuestro actual mundo tecnificado, puesto que el saber debe desterrar la soberbia humana y fundarse en la obediencia a la voluntad de Dios. (shrink)

Pour introduire à l’article de Lewis et Langton sur la définition des propriétés intrinsèques, il faut rappeler que les propriétés intrinsèques diffèrent d’autres notions comme les propriétés essentielles, les propriétés monadiques, les propriétés catégoriques, les propriétés qualitatives. Les propriétés intrinsèques sont définies selon David Lewis à partir de la notion plus primitive de propriété « naturelle », ce qu’il a continué à modifier jusqu’à des textes plus récents.

The aim of the paper is to develop the concept of perceptual relation and to apply it to digital environments. First, the meaning of perceptual relation is phenomenologically analyzed and defined as the interaction between the whole and its parts, which is theorized by the founders of Gestalt psychology. However, this relation is not considered as an intrinsic, but as an extended one, implying also the relation with the surrounding world (Umwelt). Subsequently, this concept of extended relation is applied to (...) a chosen object (a ball) as it is perceived in four different kinds of digital dimensions (on-screen, virtual, augmented, and hybrid). Through a phenomenological analysis, I argue that, whereas the whole-part configuration remains the same, some modes of appearance of the object (multisensoriality, figure-ground interaction, affordances, and persistence) are different. In order to define this dynamic, I have coined the concept of transdimensional analogy. (shrink)

Very often reality is identified with our knowledge of it, and in turn our knowledge of reality is identified with the linguistic manner of describing it. It is claimed that the three moments cannot be identified, by pointing out some crucial differences among them obtained through an analysis of the power and limitations of languages and of the manners of acquisition of knowledge.

In this paper we introduce a theory of finite sets FST with a strong negation of the axiom of infinity asserting that every set is provably bijective with a natural number. We study in detail the role of the axioms of Power Set, Choice, Regularity in FST, pointing out the relative dependences or independences among them. FST is shown to be provably equivalent to a fragment of Alternative Set Theory. Furthermore, the introduction of FST is motivated in view of a (...) non-standard development. MSC: 03E30, 03E35. (shrink)

Analysis of medieval philosophy by scholar of Chihuahua.

Legal decision-support systems have the potential to improve access to justice, administrative efficiency, and judicial consistency, but broad adoption of such systems is contingent on development of technologies with low knowledge-engineering, validation, and maintenance costs. This paper describes two approaches to an important form of legal decision support—explainable outcome prediction—that obviate both annotation of an entire decision corpus and manual processing of new cases. The first approach, which uses an attention network for prediction and attention weights to highlight salient case (...) text, was shown to be capable of predicting decisions, but attention-weight-based text highlighting did not demonstrably improve human decision speed or accuracy in an evaluation with 61 human subjects. The second approach, termed semi-supervised case annotation for legal explanations, exploits structural and semantic regularities in case corpora to identify textual patterns that have both predictable relationships to case decisions and explanatory value. (shrink)