At the end of the verses 44th, 45th, and 47th of the Surat al-Māʾida, it is seen that those who do not judge by what Allah has revealed are described as unbelievers, oppressors, and fāsiqs with the general expression. Especially in verse 44th of the surah, the fact that those who do not judge by Allah's revelations are characterized as misbelievers has been a subject of debate since the early period. Many different opinions have been expressed by the mufassirs about (...) who are included in this scope, who are the addressees of the verse, whether the” kufr” here is blasphemy in the form of denying Allah and leaving the religion, or is it a different type of “kufr”. As it is understood from the information in the sources regarding the asbāb al-nuzūl of these verses were revealed as the Jews destroyed the provisions set by Allah in the Torah, changed them with various ways, and discriminated between people in various ways and applied them. With the relevant verses in Sūrah al-Māʾida, all these injustices, lawlessness, and unfairness were made away and the Jews who committed them were strongly criticized. In this regard, it is seen that some commentators have devoted themselves to the reason for the verdict of the relevant verses and interpreted the characterizations in the verse as infidels, cruel, and fāsiqs as covering only the Jews who committed these acts. However, even if the information about the contents of the relevant verses shows that these verses are about the Jews, this does not mean that the scope of the verse should be limited to them. Because both the universality of the messages of the Qur'an in general and the fact that the address in the verses came in a public way do not allow these provisions to be allocated only to a certain group. In addition, according to the rules of istinbat, the fact that the reason for making a religious provision is specific does not prevent the generalization of it. When considered within the framework of the principles we have explained, it becomes clear that narrowing down the provisions of the verses by allocating them only to a certain group is not a correct approach. In this article, it is aimed to draw attention to the richness of meaning that emerges when the relevant verses are evaluated in terms of the types of indications in the fiqh method. When the verses within our subject are evaluated in terms of the types of indications, it is seen that these verses indicate that the implementation of a provision in force cannot be avoided. In the relevant verses, it's concluded that important principles and rules of law such as the realization of justice, the rule of law, equality before the law, no one's being privileged in the sight of the law, the powers of the head of state are limited, that there is no place for ijtihad where Allah's clear judgment exists. (shrink)

In this article, the authors investigate the applicability and usefulness of three alternative perspectives on corporate issues management: issue life cycle theory, legitimacy theory, and stakeholder theory. Each perspective makes certain as- sumptions about the nature of issues management activities and certain general predictions about corporate social responsiveness. The authors test the relative applicability of the three theories through a case study of the issues management activities of four large forestry companies in Finland and Canada. The authors conclude that all (...) three perspectives have value but differ in the level of analysis and time frame to which they apply. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungMenschen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund zählen zu einer der größten Bevölkerungsgruppen mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland. Im Vergleich zu Menschen ohne Migrationshintergrund leiden sie im Durchschnitt häufiger an einigen chronischen Erkrankungen, was teilweise auf ihren durchschnittlich niedrigeren sozioökonomischen Status zurückzuführen ist. Im Gesundheitssystem begegnen sie zudem unterschiedlichen Zugangs- und Wirksamkeitsbarrieren, da ihre Bedarfe und Erwartungen von Versorgungseinrichtungen oft nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt werden. Eine solche nicht nutzerorientierte Versorgung chronisch kranker Menschen kann der erfolgreichen Behandlung bzw. Krankheitsbewältigung im Weg stehen. Die Berücksichtigung von subjektiven (...) Krankheitsvorstellungen ist notwendiger Bestandteil einer nutzerorientierten Gesundheitsversorgung. Sie muss dabei sowohl die Sensibilisierung des Personals für die Krankheitsvorstellungen seiner Patientinnen und Patienten, als auch die gezielte Förderung von Krankheitsvorstellungen auf Seiten von Patientinnen und Patienten umfassen, die sich positiv auf die Krankheitsbewältigung auswirken. Gleichzeitig müssen Patientinnen und Patienten befähigt werden, sich kritisch mit eigenen Krankheitsvorstellungen auseinanderzusetzen, wenn diese eine erfolgreiche Krankheitsbewältigung behindern. Als Strategien kommen hierfür zum Beispiel Interventionen wie Storytelling in Frage, die auf dem Austausch von Wissen und Erfahrungen basieren. (shrink)

Research about the role of religion in entrepreneurship and more broadly management is sparse. In this conceptual article, we complement existing entrepreneurship theory by examining entrepreneurship from an Islamic perspective. EIP is based on three interconnected pillars: the entrepreneurial, socio-economic/ethical, and religio-spiritual. We outline how Islam shapes entrepreneurship at the micro-, meso-, and macro-level, indicate how Islam may be considered an entrepreneurial religion in the sense that it enables and encourages entrepreneurial activity, review research streams interlinking Islam with entrepreneurship and (...) management and outline promising research approaches. (shrink)

This paper discusses and provides a tentative model of a firm for purposes of accounting. The paper first presents the neo-classical capital circulation model of the firm—a model that has been an integral part of Finnish business economics and accounting education for at least half a century. During the same period the stakeholder model has become an alternative model of the firm in Scandinavia. These models have represented two alternatives to define the firm in education. In this paper we try (...) to combine these two models to provide a more comprehensive picture of the firm, especially from the accounting education perspective. An earlier version of this model was presented in 1995 in a book edited by Juha Näsi. Stakeholders with business transactions were seen to be crucial to firms and were categorized as primary in the 1995 model. In addition to stakeholders, a number of stakeholder issues were illustrated in the stakeholder model serving accounting as an educational framework. In this paper the earlier model has been updated, taking into account the current globalization and other developments in the business world. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the changes in managers’ moral attitudes, stakeholder orientation and economic interests from 1994 to 2004. Dataare presented concerning 8-10 stakeholder groups and 50-58 moral issues.

Pulleys and cranes are used for hoisting loads with or without providing a significant gain in force. Both of these devices have provided convenience to humans since ancient times. Pulleys are considered to be one of the five mechanical powers of the ancient world. Their history is very much linked with the early history of cranes. The cranes originated from the pulley systems. In this paper, the early history of the application of these well-preserved ancient mechanical instruments is examined together. (...) This paper mainly focuses on the various interesting applications of pulleys and cranes in ancient and medieval times. Yet theoretical developments in the timeline mentioned above are also included in this paper. (shrink)

War; effects on; world politics; foreign relations; military sciences; study and teaching; 21st century.

Discussion and debate on stakeholder theory continues unabated, but not a lot of people know that it first began in Finland in the 1960s, as this report of a recent Conference there shows. Archie B. Carroll, the well‐known writer on corporate social responsibility, is Robert W. Scherer Professor of Management at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA (e‐mail [email protected]); and Juha Näsi is Professor of Management at the University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.

Firm–employee relationships are dependent on the wider societal context and on the role business plays in society. Changes in institutional arrangements in society affect the perceived responsibilities of firms to their personnel. In this study, we examine mass media discussions about firm–employee relationships from a social responsibility perspective via a longitudinal study in Romanian society. Our analysis indicates how the expected responsibilities of firms towards employees have altered with the changing role of firms in society since the early 1990s. These (...) transformations correspond to the ideological developments, from communist to market-based thinking, which have taken place in post-communist Eastern Europe. More specifically, our study shows how the diminishing expectations of corporate social responsibility (CSR) are linked in mass media to increasingly important talk of human resource management (HRM). HRM is a modern business approach believed to address personnel needs and organisational objectives simultaneously. The congruency of goals in HRM may mistakenly lead to the conclusion that organisations are inherently responsible toward their personnel. We argue that this may not necessarily be the case. HRM, matching well the new free-market ideology in post-communist Eastern Europe, was eagerly embraced in that it defined firm–personnel relationships. In this study, we question whether this was an adequate theoretical perspective for Romanian firms to adopt as it lacks sufficient ethical grounding. We also call for a higher awareness concerning the role of mass media in the management literature, since its current role in constructing the ‘rightness’ and ‘wrongness’ in firm–personnel relationships is hardly considered. (shrink)

Discussion and debate on stakeholder theory continues unabated, but not a lot of people know that it first began in Finland in the 1960s, as this report of a recent Conference there shows. Archie B. Carroll, the well‐known writer on corporate social responsibility, is Robert W. Scherer Professor of Management at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA (e‐mail [email protected]); and Juha Näsi is Professor of Management at the University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.

Veba, kızamık, sıtma, kolera, İspanyol gribi gibi salgın hastalıklar Osmanlı’yı her açıdan etkilemiş ve dönemin konjonktürüne göre çeşitli alanlarda çeşitli tedbirler alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada özellikle son dönemin seçilme sebebi, hem daha fazla salgın tespitinin yapılmış olması hem de bu dönem kayıtlarının fazla olmasıdır. 1800’lerden sonra Osmanlı’da belirli sebeplerle belirli süreçler ve sonuçlarıyla farklı salgınlar yaşanmıştır. Bunlardan bir kısmı mikro düzeyde bazıları ise makro düzeyde etkilemiştir devleti. Salgınlardan en çok etkilenen kesim şüphesiz çocuklar olmuştur, özellikle eğitim çağındaki çocukların hem hastalıktan etkilenme (...) süreci hızlanmış hem de en çabuk müdahale grubu olmuştur. Osmanlı salgınlarda eğitim ile ilgili ayrı tedbirler almıştır. Okulları, öğretmenleri, öğrencileri, kaldıkları yerleri ve ebeveynleri de zaman zaman içine alan bu önlem çabaları, devleti kurumsal anlamda etkilemiştir. Arşiv belgelerine baktığımızda, okulların tatil edilmeleri, aşılama politikaları, dezenfekte çalışmalarının yaygınlaştırılması, öğrencilerde ve ebeveynlerinde bu konuda bilinç oluşturma, bu konular için ayrı ödenekler ayarlanması, öğretmenlerin bu konuda maddi manevi desteklenmesi gibi hususlar salgın ve eğitim tedbirleri konusunda en çok dile getirilen meseleler olmuştur. Çoğunlukla Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet arşiv belgeleri ve dönemin kroniklerine dayanarak, doküman analizi yöntemi ile hazırlayacağımız bu çalışma, dönemin salgınları karşısında eğitimin aksamaması için devletin aldığı tedbirleri ortaya çıkarmayı hedeflemektedir. (shrink)

The philosophy of religion and theology are related to the culture in which they have developed. These disciplines provide a source of values and vision to the cultures of which they are part, while at the same time they are delimited and defined by their cultures. This book compares the ideas of two contemporary philosophers, John Hick and Seyyed Hossein Nasr, on the issues of religion, religions, the concept of the ultimate reality, and the notion of sacred knowledge. On a (...) broader level, it compares two world-views: the one formed by Western Christian culture, which is religious in intention but secular in essence; the other Islamic, formed through the assimilation of traditional wisdom, which is turned against the norms of secular culture and is thus religious both in intention and essence. (shrink)

Due to continual challenges in their external environment, corporations are facing an increased demand for public participation and stakeholder inclusion. As aresult, companies are seeking ways to improve communication with their stakeholders. The emergence of the Internet has provided new corporate channelsfor offering information to stakeholders. This paper suggests that the information contained in company web pages reflects strategic information about the company. In addition to offering information to the public, web pages signal which issues a company holds as strategically (...) important. The objective of this paper is to begin the process of examining how companies express their understanding of multiple stakeholder interests and their efforts to include stakeholders in their strategy documents. The theoretical premise of this paper draws from the strategic management and the stakeholder literatures. The empirical section examines the content of the web pages of two companies from the pulp and paper industry. Based on the results of meaning making analysis, we synthesize the content of the strategy documents with three dimensions: strategic actors, strategic activities, and strategic actions. (shrink)

The study provides insights on why large Finnish municipalities are engaging in sustainability reporting. The dataset consists of the sustainability disclosures of five large Finnish cities and of a set of interviews conducted with the personnel responsible for composing the sustainability reports in these cities. Preliminary findings suggest that this rising practice is again an example of a fad, arising as the public sector organizations mimic the corporate sector without anyone really pondering whether the municipalities and the public sector as (...) a whole truly need a similar practice the corporations have. We maintain that there are better ways to use a municipality’s scarce resources than imitating the corporate sustainability reporting practices through producing a sustainability report, the main task of which seems to be to exist. (shrink)

As it is known, in the early Islamic period, that is, during the time of the Prophet and his companions it was not difficult to find answers to the questions. However, when we look at the later periods, we see that people who had just accepted Islam, belonging to many new cultures, asked new questions. It was not so easy to answer these questions merely based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah. For this reason, Kufa scholars considered it necessary to (...) use ijtihad with raʾy (free legal reasoning). They were subjected to a lot of criticism in that period and today because they resorted to raʾy while doing ijtihad. One of the two main schools that criticized the Ahl al-Ra’y the most was the Ahl al-Hadith (people of hadith) school. From the early days of the formation of the Hadith school of jurisprudence, the Iraqi school has been accused of abandoning the book and the Sunnah in the interpretation of Shari'ah rulings and preferring the rulings obtained by the intellectual method. This intellectual method that we are talking about has been the target of criticism in certain historical periods, sometimes in the name of ra’y, sometimes inthe name of qiyas (analogy), and sometimes in the name of istihsan. Abu Hanifa is one of the famous scholars who have been criticized by Ahl al-Hadith. This article deals with the life, works and school of ra’y of Abu Hanifa. (shrink)

The Egyptian Sufi poet Mohammad ibn Sa‘îd al-Bûsîrî’s (d. 695/1296) work called Qasîdah al-Hamziyah, in which he tells the life of the Prophet, has attracted great attention in Muslim societies. The eulogy, which is met with interest by scholars dealing with the field of poetry and literature, is a text read in daily life in mawlid, ceremonies praising the Prophet, dhikr rings in sufi lodges, hadith lesson circles, and prayers. More than a hundred commentaries, annotations, tahmis, tastir and translations have (...) been written on the work. While many of these studies on Qasîdah al-Hamziyah have been conducted by renowned scholars, there are also scholars who have worked on the eulogy but are not mentioned in biographical sources. The subject of this study is one of the commentaries written about the eulogy and whose name is not found in the biographical sources. The name of the work written by Abdullah al-Shazelî al-Bahrî is Al-Cavâhir al-Seniyye fî Sharh al-Hamziyah. In this article, information was given about the name of the work, its belonging to the author, the date of copyright, its reason, the method of commentary, its style, its content, the sources used, and its features. Also, the critical edition of the three couplets’ commentary was written as a highly representative example. (shrink)

This paper focuses on corporate social responsibilities to employees, one key stakeholder for each firm. In particular, the views and attitudes of managers and entrepreneurs with respect to various social aspects related to their employees are investigated. The context of this research, Romania, a postcommunist country in Eastern Europe, allows us to look for dissimilarities between the talk of local firms and MNCs or foreign-based companies. The analysis is based on qualitative research and adopts an interpretative approach.The articles of the (...) weekly Romanian Capital magazine are investigated from an eight-year longitudinal perspective. (shrink)

This paper looks at the current state-of-the-art and at potential changes in CSR thinking in a developing country: Romania. It seeks to understand what kind oftransformations are emerging in this field and what are the reasons behind them. The analysis is interpretative, using discourse analysis and focuses on the articles of the weekly Romanian business publication Capital. The results indicate that the local business environment features the characteristics of wild capitalism, largely contradicting the idea of responsibility. However, foreign actors have (...) recently entered the local environment, acting as travelling vehicles of Western ideas and inducing positive developments in business social behaviour. This study upholds that emerging trends in the business social thinking in Romania are not an outcome of local societal expectations but, rather, are brought from abroad and sold to the local community. (shrink)

Akademik yayın hayatının 20. yılına ulaşan Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, son yıllarda ulusal ve uluslararası akademik yayıncılık alanında önemli mesafeler kat etti. 15 Aralık 2016 tarihinde yayımladığımız 19. cilt 2. sayımızdan itibaren sağlanan ilerlemeleri, siz değerli okuyucularımızla paylaşmak istiyoruz. 1996 yılından itibaren Cumhuriyet Universitesi Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi [Cumhuriyet University Journal of Faculty of Theology] adıyla yayınlanan dergimizin adının çok uzun olması ve atıf tespitinde yaşanan zorluklar sebebi ile Cumhuriyet ilahiyat dergisi [Cumhuriyet theology journal] olarak değiştirilmesi kararlaştırılmıştır. Dergimiz, 20. cilt, (...) 1. sayıdan itibaren bu adla yayın hayatına devam edecektir. Dergimiz, TÜBİTAK - ULAKBİM’in sunduğu elektronik dergi yönetim sistemi DergiPark Akademik’ın yeni versiyonunun güçlü açık erişim ve online akademik yayıncılık alt yapısını kullanabilmek amacıyla gerekli teknik çalışmaları tamamladı. Bu kapsamda 01 Haziran 2016 tarihi itibariyle yeni web sayfamız hizmete girdi. (shrink)