The article deals with the role of Russian culture in the period of the RF war against Ukraine. The history is considered as the basic structure that shapes the discursive foundation of identity. Historical narratives as well as the cultural background of imperial identity and risks of the full scale representation of Russian culture in the Ukrainian social consciousness are analyzed. The two tendencies are also comprehended — junk science foundation of geopolitical projects and devalu- ation of the historically formed (...) senses. So the communicative action is penetrated by the strategic action bazed on the false reality fundament, this significant element of the war of the world. The vivid example of junk science is the neoeurasian ideology, that defines the strategy of Kremlin informational attack on the Ukrainian identity. Standoff between the identities takes place in the course of the imperial mobilization project development. The symbiosis of governmental authorities and artists plays the key role in its realization. The author outlines the main features of the strategic effect of penetration into the core of communicative process and the false reality building. Also the author develops the thought that the heartbreaking and impetuous change of con- tradictory narratives are the one of the fundamental resources of information war. In particular it deals with the great Russian Simulacrum as the vivid example of the instrumental reason that is in the base of the information war against Ukraine. It is also defined the historical origin of the simulacra as the instrument of the Russian special services and the role of their partners — the iconic figures of the Russian literature — in the projects of the public opinion manipulation. (shrink)

The purpose of the roundtable discussion is to discuss challenges and threats to Ukraine's democratic development in the face of unsustainable democratic institutions in the process of long-term social transformation. Investigating these conflicting institutional dynamics in the spectrum of their socio-structural, socio-psychological and socio-cultural manifestations, analyzing these challenges, risks and threats to the democratic development of the country is an urgent task of humanitarian knowledge. A joint roundtable of two academic journals, bringing together the expert opinions of sociologists and philosophers, (...) is a definite step in this direction. (shrink)

The person, as an active participant in the religious relations, creates a specific place of residence, which makes it possible to enter a certain religious structure. This place or religious environment is an apysis of interdependence of an individual and a transcendental one; in it the formation, development and functioning of religious relations takes place, the interrelation of man with God is ensured. What is the religious environment of a person, in what is its speciality and the difference from other (...) spheres of assertion of personal being? (shrink)

The present article aims to examine the Black Sea / Kuban Cossacks' songs as one of the most important historical sources, which allows us to understand the important aspects of the history of the North Caucasus Ukrainian people'. This is primarily due to the new challenges needed to study the evolution of their identity, certain features of the mentality, and "survival strategies" characteristic for the Ukrainian population in the region. New questions put by historians require expansion of sources where song (...) tradition, folklore, etc., can become invaluable material for comprehension and interpretation of the new understanding of the history process. The authors have based on the fact that in recent times there have been a fundamental change of attitude towards scientific issues and accordingly to sources, which scientists were based on. Strict approaches and requirements to sources which historians relied on during the period of "positivism" have become much more flexible and spread to the analysis of art, culture and folklore of certain social groups and historical periods. It has become possible to find new approaches to solving problems of scientific research and expand the range of issues which can already be answered. One of the unexplored phenomena, yet barely covered in the domestic science is the history of Ukrainian communities of the North Caucasus area. The authors propose to consider the peculiarities of mentality of this community through the prism of song tradition of the Black Sea / Kuban Cossacks that played a crucial role in all spheres of life. Besides, the features of song traditions of Ukrainian Cossacks which react very quickly to current events of certain historical periods allows us to consider it as a very important indicator of community' response to new circumstances in which the community was. The approach enables us to view features of "history of mentalities" of the Ukrainian community in the region much more than focusing on official documents and political declarations. (shrink)

Досліджуються основні положення суфійської космології у їх зв’язку з антропологічними ідеями. Особлива увага приділяється відображенню і інтерпретації цих концепцій у дидактичних текстах і сучасній суфійській традиції. Інтелектуальна традиція суфізму поєднала, з одного боку, неоплатонічне ієрархічне бачення Світобудови, притаманне класичній арабомусульманській філософії (фальсафа), а з іншого – релігійні постулати, переосмислені крізь призму духовної традиції та індивідуального містичного досвіду. Суфійські автори і академічні дослідники розрізняють спекулятивний містицизм, або аль-тасаввуф аль-ільмі (теоретичний суфізм), або ірфан аль-назарі (споглядальне знання, гнозис) та аль-тасаввуф альамалі (практичний суфізм). (...) Водночас деякі сучасні вчені вважають, що дослідники, зосереджуючись в основному на вивченні теоретичних текстів, не приділяють належної уваги практичним. (shrink)

The article considers the narrative component of porn, in particular its temporal aspects. Pornography is defined as specific exonarrative, which is a form of disclosure/stimulation of sexual act as continuation of sex/narrative on the other side. The article determines out several moduses of time in the exonarrative of porn. In particular, it is argued that the sequence of variation and the sequence of scenes form the linear time of porn, which intersects the time delay. Emphasis is placed on continuation, repetition (...) and delay as modus of time of porn/sex that are directly related to enjoyment. Finally, it is concluded that the chronotope of the pornographic exonarrative is -here-being. Further, command/subjugation is considered as the main structural opposition in exonarrative of porn. In this context, porn and magic are compared. This is a magical time of magic, the action of which to take place immediately, as soon as there is a command. Thus, the magic of porn expresses/exposes the power, the paradigm of which is sex. The magical function of sex is to perform immersion when a certain multiple of sexual attributes has multiple reflections. And the porno-narrative homeomorphism of sex is revealed in the obligatory reciprocity, no matter what the social positions of bodies and actors. Porn is a utopia in which any possible antagonism, any problem is removed by sex. Sex is solution or deviation from the problem. The pornographic exonarrative transposes the solution into another/external plane, on the other side of the problem. Finally, it is argued that enjoyment arises from the creation of tension between the urgency of nature, passion, flesh, on the one hand, and the projection of history, ritual, language, on the other. (shrink)

У статті виконано комплексне дослідження розвитку вітчизняного сортовивчення, зокрема, проаналізовано діяльність Сортівничо-насінньового управління Цукротресту. Визначено історичні та соціально-економічні передумови, які сприяли становленню сортовивчення та селекції в Україні у 20-х роках ХХ ст. Доведено, що Сортівничо-насінньове управління займалося селекцією й сортовивченням не лише цукрових, а й багатьох інших сільськогосподарських культур. Діяльність Цукротресту відіграла помітну роль у розвитку аграрного сектора України та суттєво вплинулана перехід дослідної справи в сільському господарстві на науковий рівень.

Розглядаються основні теорії комічного, що належать до класичної парадигми філософствування (Т.Гоббса, І.Канта, Г.Гегеля, З.Фройда та ін.), розкривається їх взаємозв’язок та еволюція поглядів на проблему комічного. Комічне сформувало особливий культурний пласт – світ сміху, який постійно протиставляється світу серйозному. Мета цієї статті – дати загальний огляд основних теорій комічного в західній філософській думці. Розгалужена культура сміху, заснована на комічному в житті та мистецтві, має глибоке історичне коріння.У класичній західній філософії існують три види традиційних теорій сміху: переваги, невідповідності, розрядки. Основні положення теорії (...) переваги були викладені Аристотелем і Платоном і домінували у західному мисленні про сміх протягом двох тисячоліть. Вважалось, що сміх виражає почуття переваги над іншими людьми або над нашим колишнім станом.Другим підходом до вивчення проблеми гумору була теорія невідповідності яка виникла у 18 столітті, щоб кинути виклик теорії переваги,. У той час як теорія переваги стверджує, що причиною сміху є почуття переваги, то теорія невідповідності вважає, що причина сміху –це сприйняття чогось невідповідного, чогось, що порушує наші розумові моделі та очікування. Зараз це домінуюча теорія гумору у філософії та психології.Теорія розрядки стверджує, що сміх позбавляє від накопиченої нервової енергії. Засновниками цієї теорії є Герберт Спенсер і Зигмунд Фройд. У статті зазначається, що кожна з теорій гумору здатна пояснити лише деякі з комічних проявів. Проте кожен тип теорії висвітлює певний аспект гумору. А тому ведеться подальший пошук філософського обґрунтування такого складного поняття, як сміх. (shrink)

Review of monograph: Malyarchuk О. М. Social and economic processes in the western region of the Ukrainian SSR : [monograph] / О. М. Malyarchuk. – Ivano-Frankivsk : Symphoniia forte, 2015. – 548 p.

When we look at the past of Ukraine, the names of our people and country, language and faith serve as the kind of guideline in search of sources. The creation of self-titles is often associated with the process of awareness of the people of their separateness.

The article describes the analysis of Gnostic sects of the Late Antiquity, with the exception of the concepts of large Gnostic systems. Particular attention is devoted to the consideration of the Mandaean religion - the only ancient Gnostic religion that exists to this day. The history of the formation of Mandaise, the determinative role of John the Baptist and the cult of Teyvila for the Mandaeans, as well as the peculiarities of their doctrine has been analysed.

The relevance of the chosen topic of the article is determined by the need to improve the system of educational activities in postmodernism. The article provides a theoretical analysis of developments on the topic, substantiates axiological perspectives of educational activities in postmodern philosophy, gives a description of axiological areas of academic activity in postmodern philosophy; the main directions of the philosophy of education in the epoch of postmodernism are determined; the vision of a new paradigm of education in the works (...) of researchers and scientists is presented. The article analyses the understanding of the problems of education in the European philosophical and pedagogical tradition of the XX-XXI century, gives a brief overview of systematic works on the philosophy of education of prominent Western researchers of these problems, taking into account their proposed educational values. Based on the analysis, the article's author concludes that it is necessary to critically review several traditions for the philosophy of education and the choice of approaches in understanding the values of modern education. The article's author notes the emergence of new axiological paradigms of education in the philosophy of education of the late XX - early XXI century, associated with the development of cultural-centric and global-historical trends in philosophy. (shrink)

In the book “Freedom of the Will”, Jonathan Edwards put forward a strong ar-gument for theological fatalism. This argument, I suppose, can be considered as the universal basis for discussion between Fatalists and Anti-Fatalists in the 20th century, especially in the context of the most powerful argument for fatalism, introduced by Nelson Pike. The argument of Edwards rests upon the following principles: if something has been the case in the past, it has been the case necessarily ; if God knows (...) something, it is not the case that ~A is possible. Hence, Edwards infers that if God had foreknowledge that A, then A is necessary, and it is not the case that someone could voluntarily choose ~A. The article argues that the Edwards` inference Kgp → □p rests upon the modal fallacy; the inference „God had a knowledge that p will happen, therefore „God had a knowledge that p will happen” is the proposition about the past, and hence, the necessarily true proposition“ is ambiguous; thus, it is not the case that this proposition necessarily entails the impossibility of ~p; it is not the case that p, being known by God, turns out to be necessary. Thus, we can avoid the inference of Edwards that if Kgp is a fact of the past, then we cannot freely choose ~p. It has also been shown that the main provisions of the argument of Edwards remain significant in the context of contemporary debates about free will and foreknowledge. Additionally, I introduce a new challenge for fatalism – argument from Brouwerian axiom. (shrink)

Oleh Shepetyak. Monotheistic tendencies of Egypt's religions of the pre-dynastic and early dynastic period. The study analyzes the religion of ancient Egypt, and it proved the presence of a clear monotheistic tendencies. The article provides a brief examination of the historical landmarks of Egyptian culture, its literary achievements inspection and analysis of earlier beliefs, which are at the center of the personality of Seth and Horus, and other deities who have the zeal of the late myth associated with them.

In the article of Oleh Shepetyak "The Christianity of Franks: the Formation of the Vector of European Civilization" is analyzed the Christianization of Western Europe and the Rolle of Franks in this difficult process. The basis of the European civilization is Christianity. The Christianization of the European peoples was a difficult and ambiguous process. Many Germanic peoples, which settled down in Europe, had accepted the Christianity in its Arianism version. The main factor, which caused the domination of Catholic Church (...) in Western Europe and the crowning out of the Arianism, was the political domination of the Franks and the Frank's conquest of the Germanic peoples. The changes of the dynasties of Frank's Kingdom and the change of Europa's political map Europe had played very impotent role in the Christianization Europa's. In the article is highlighted special role of two Frankꞌs Kings Clovis and Charles the Great in the Process dissemination of Christianity in Europe. The analyze of these facts of the religious history Europe's is the object of this article. (shrink)

The codification of language has both its advantages and disadvantages, both its prospects and its limitations. It is possible to determine this not from linguistic, but from meta-scientific, namely philosophical positions. At the heart of the codification procedure is the creation of specialized dictionaries based on a particular national language. The language of science is also always built on the basis of a certain national language — even if this language later serves as the language of international scientific communication (for (...) example, English). At the same time, codification of the language of science should reproduce the most significant resources of natural language as a symbolic system, as well as develop the institutional potential of science based on the capabilities of language as an institution. The codification of language of science should perform three main functions: descriptive-classification, system-legitimation and projective-predictive. The language of science is the embodiment of the symbolic universe studied by social phe- nomenologists Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, and at the same time must correspond to the four main functions of the system of action, which were distinguished by Talcott Parsons. Codification is a relentless process that reflects and stimulates the development of language as a symbolic system, the meaning of which is set by specific language practices. The language of science is a set of all language practices of scientists in various fields, these practices must be harmonized through the codification of the language of science, while they constantly stimulate the renewal of codification of the language of science. It should be done through the creation of new practices and new scientific objects — and through the extrapolation of the application of existing terminology to new scientific fields as well. (shrink)

У статті розглядаються та аналізуються основні теоретико-методологічні підходи до висвітлення проблематики становлення та формування модерних націй, витоків їхніх ідеологічних, соціально-економічних та історичних основ. Уважається, що в наш час, коли такі поняття, як "нація", "національна держава", "національна ідентичність" набули широкого вжитку в політичному дискурсі держави, наукове обґрунтування цих термінів та визначення інтелектуального та історичного їх змісту є особливо актуальним та важливим.

У статті розглядаються основні напрями колонізаційної політики Російської імперії по відношенню до татарського населення Північного Кавказу під час експансії в Криму та на Кавказі в другій половині ХVІІІ ст. Висвітлюються обставини знищення ногайських татар, які жили на Кубані, геноцид по відношенню до мешканців цієї території, основні стратегії, які поєднували в собі підрив єдності татарської спільноти, розпалювання ворожнечі між татарськими кланами та безпосереднє знищення татар шляхом прямої військової агресії.

У статті ідеться про відродження національної держави у добу глобальних і регіональних криз, послаблення міжнародних інституцій на тлі кардинальних геополітичних викликів. Одними з головних цілей наукової розвідки є осмислення ідеї національної держави у політичному дискурсі сьогодення, аналіз культурно-історичного підгрунтя міфу держави як такої. У центрі уваги авторів перебуває теорія наступального реалізму як основа розуміння сучасних тенденцій міжнародного розвитку. Чільне місце серед наукових сюжетів статті посідає історія такої вікопомної події у житті Європи, як Брекзит. Глобальні і регіональні кризи, як епідемія коронавірусу, (...) рівночасно як і кризи регіональні - Брекзит, сприяють відживленню такої культурно-історичної форми як національна держава, так само як відживлення міфу держави як такої. Будь-який універсалізм по суті є лише експансіоністською ідеологією, покликаною утверджувати партикулярні соціальні, політичні і культурні цінності, прикладом чого є національна держава. (shrink)

In article the author investigates evolution of legal status of the Black Sea Cossack Host in the general administrative and legal system of the Russian empire. The author considers the basic stages of this evolution in a concrete historical context, shows, how depending on concrete historical circumstances legal status of the Black Sea Cossack Host changed. Proceeding from the received results, the author comes to a conclusion that to Cossack elite which has been closely connected with the simple Cossacks, long (...) time was possible to keep as much as possible wide autonomy of the Black Sea Cossack Host, to save up high enough level of democratic traditions of the Ukrainian Cossacks - the self-management, an influential role of Cossack communities, rather considerable economic independence. Thanks to persistence and diplomatic abilities of heads of the Black Sea Cossacks, it was possible to them to achieve from imperial structures of acceptance of such acts which allowed Cossacks of Kuban to keep a wide autonomy that favourably distinguished these Cossacks from other Cossack formations of the Russian empire. (shrink)

У статті аналізується роль мистецьких стратегій і мистецького примусу як їхньої складової у розбудові наступальних ідеологій (універсалістських, шовіністичних, расистських) та створенні охоронницьких міфів. Окреслюється зв’язок романтичного гіперболізму з принципом реальності, який виразно постає у політичних і геополітичних імплікаціях. Романтизм розглядається як епіфеномен раціоналізму. Зокрема, йдеться про Пошлість – як одну з перетворених форм комунікативної раціональності, що паразитує на контрасті між ідеологічною тотальністю та узвичаєними формами культури. Чільне місце у статті посідає тема глобальних експансіоністських ідеологій. Автор визначає роль мистецької фантазії та (...) містичних ідей стосовно міждержавного суперництва у геополітичних доктринах. У статті простежується взаємозалежність теоретичних засад романтизму та геополітичних проектів. Автор досліджує міфологічну ґенезу завойовницької фантазії авторитарних лідерів, яка утворюється на основі романтичної сваволі творчого суб’єкта. Осмислюється значення мистецького максималізму у контексті культурно-історичної традиції, що сягає імперського універсалізму. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to present the views of the Russian philosopher Leonard Alexandrovich Kalinnikov on Kant’s philosophy. This article demonstrates one of the important aspects thinks Kaliningrad resident, namely the rules interpretation system of Kant. The article consists of three parts, the first presents a brief biography of the Russian thinker, the second presents ten rules, without which the thoughts of Kalinnikov can not do any decent system researcher Kant, the third contains conclusions. This reception is based (...) on an earlier esoteric-teleological assumption about the whole system. Kant’s System, according to Kalinnikov, must be reconstructed and presented on the basis of three Critiques, which organically contain internal rules for their interpretation. As a final of the nine principles of interpretation, Kalinnikov proposes one universal principle of the unity of the world. This principle consists in the monistic reading of the question about human, which is intended to encapsulate the system in its entirety as a world of phenomena, things-in-themselves, and their human mediator. (shrink)

The main idea of the article is to define the role of imagination, violence and institutions in the formation of the modern state as well as to show that the important dimension of the state building is the image of the self, creative capacity of the individual to symbolic self-made activity and self-made reproduction. The symbolic world of the imaginary state is the product of the communities united symbolically, contingency and simultaneously the part of the social orders. The Nort conception (...) of the social orders as the structures that limit and control the violence takes the privilege place in the article. The first model of the social organization is defined as the “order of limited access”, and the second one as the “order of free access”. Thus the different state establishments are formed: “the natural state” that is formed in the natural way according to the violence restrain logic by means of limited access, and “the artificial state” by means of free access to the political and economic resources. In particular the impossibility of the automatic transition from the self-sufficient type of the natural state to the modern democratic state is emphasized. Nort conception is extrapolated on the experience of the Ukrainian independent state state-building after the abortive coup d’etat in 1991. The authors develop the tenet about the conservation of the institutional matrix of the soviet empire in the post-communist Ukraine. It deals with the institutional features: such as the authoritarian management, the secondary role of the law regulations, the supervisory instance uncontrolled by society. The transformation crises, accordingly to the authors approach, determined the conditions and the price of transitional countries entering not only the civilizational space of the contemporary Europe but also the system of global economic, political and social interrelations. This crises conditioned also the changes in the network of the international institutions. It determined the distinctive features of the national identity formation, legitimation strategies in the contemporary Nation-State, and primarily in the newest Ukrainian state-building. (shrink)

In the complex process of the formation of new religious-religious paradigms, the problem of the interrelationship of religious and national is taken as a priority, since the synthesis of these elements influences the realization of religious experience and, in fact, acts as a characteristic feature of its functioning in the Ukrainian Greek Catholicism itself.

In this article the analysis of anthropological concepts which were formulated in the Catholic theology of the German-speaking area in the epoch after the Second Vatican Council is performed. The ideas of K. Rahner, E. Coreth, J. Ratzinger and W. Kasper are represented. The main idea expressed by these thinkers, is the presence of divine origin in the human spirit that defines human nature, completes the human essence and elevates man to the sphere of the transcendent and enables his/her connection (...) with God. (shrink)

In 1921 was published the book of the famous Austrian-British philosopher and funder of the analytic philosophy Ludwig Johann Wittgenstein, in which he wrote, that the big part of our philosophical problems, which were subject of the thinking of the thousands philosophers, are created not by the difficulty of reality but by the complication of the language. When a philosopher analyzes a language he uses, he will find that the biggest part of the philosophical problems is illusory. Following Wittgenstein's advices, (...) in this article we probe to analyze what means the concept "polytheism" and to answer the questions: did the phenomenon, what is with this word described, anytime exist, or it is only a phantasies' fabrication, and all attempts to think about it are wandering in the dark labyrinths without exit. The first problem we have in our way is absolutely darkness in this question. We could not find any research, in which the concept of polytheism is analyzed in this way we changed. So we must get through the forest of an unknown ourselves without opportunity to have support from the experience of the predecessors. We hope our mistakes might be useful for the following researches. The Greek word "doxa polytheos" was first time used by Philo of Alexandria and after them many Judaic and Christian authors repeated this word opposing own religion to the paganism. Jan Bodin 1n 16th Century used this word in the modern mean as a France word "polythéisme". The Greek word "doxa polytheos" and the France one "polythéisme", though they are constructed of the same Greek word "Θεός", based on the different concepts, because in 16 centuries the word "Θεός" changed its means. In Greek-speaking society this word was used to detonate any being who overstate the material world. When Thales of Millet wrote, that "the world is full of gods", he did not mean that there is an Absolut in every small part of the world. When he used the word "Θεός" in this mean, Thales thought about different objects, as we called "God" now. The mean of the term "polytheism" is unclear and is the cause of many researches problems in the religious studies. The Greek word "Θεός" detonated every sacral being, which was the object of the worship, but not the Absolut. When this word went in the term "polytheism", its mean was changed, and it was used for the calling Absolut in the Christian meaning. This transformation of the meaning created the wrong conception that in the world there were or are religions, the members of them believes in the existence of some or many Absolutes. The problem of using concept "polytheism" is not a real academic problem but an illusions problem, what is caused by the wrong and incorrect using of the term. The Greek word "Θεός", of them are created the terms "monotheism" and "polytheism", is used in both terms in different meanings. In the term "monotheism" the word "Θεός" means God-Absolut, and in the term "polytheism" – any beings, what are the objects of the religious worship. The monotheism and polytheism are not two different phase of the entvelopment of the religious consciousness. These ideas are created by the wrongness of Hegel's philosophy and must be uprooted from the lexicon of the religious studies. (shrink)

The article «The scriptures of Judaism» of Shepetyak O.M. analyzes and brief systematization of the spiritual literature of Judaism, to study ways of its formation and the role of the Jewish religious environment, considered the scriptures Tanakh, the Talmud, the Mishnah, Midrash, Halacha, and others, the ways of their origin and role in religious operating time of Judaism.

The article reconstructs the false foundations of Soviet designs imaginable urbanization detects starting social places concepts of "classical" days of building socialism. Projected into the future the idea of permanent revolution, the destruction of "bourgeois barbarism" and desire the establishment of legal order Bolsheviks led the workers to the approval of a new type of state and the formation of a new anthropological type of person. This type - "eternal revolutionary", "architect of the new world" had to live with a (...) single purpose - to extend the principles of proletarian justice to the axis of the world. The epicenter of the factory or the formation of the new man was an industrial city - industrial zone heroically-miltarism work. The main method of the formation of cities and the new man was a total mobilization, the image of the antagonistic enemy of mythic-Titanic goal, collectively practice of collective responsibility, temporal-topeni the control of the state-party bodies the army-camp architecture, etc. The Communists sought to build the city for centuries, people, nomos chose to build incubators "eternal revolutionaries", the barracks of the unknown soldier or barracks devotees of "Stakhanovite". In the draft party not only needs to become an industrial base for future victories over bourgeois barbarism, but also a gathering place loyal fighters for a revolutionary breakthrough - the construction of communism all over the world. Social city - misguided or sinister space, which is not provided for the life of a healthy society. It is the fruit of pure nomos, state coercion, that denied cultural and national experiences, socio-economic patterns, cravings human being the ruins of the Communist concepts of permanent revolution and militarism of labor. The experience of the Communist daydreaming inspires the statement that as an axiom of the relationship of nomos and fuses in urban space is the right man for happiness. A key measure of their dialectical interaction is the reliance on the security and preservation of the integrity of human nature, national heritage, the experience of past generations. (shrink)

The nature and factors of the existence of the nation-state in the doctrine of H. Ortega y Gasset are revealed. Ortehovoyi in interpreting the nation-state is a metaphysical strength and unity of past and future, tradition and consolidating new purpose-idea alloy democratic institutions and subconscious zovu blood, land, language, mature nation. As an instrument of the nation, the nation state is a political entity that legitimizes the idea of social order and public self is an initiative of the people and (...) personality. The democratic nature of the nation-state is its indispensable advantage - it gives real grounds separate individual and values harmonious collective resist oppression. Simultaneously, the nation state is the result of integration of peoples to new historical stage of development, volitional act elite, which determine the call-idea and transform it into a state-based form of "call" world capabilities of the people. This creative process is not possible without a high level of social elasticity without close consolidate elites with public miles, without the democratic principles of cooperation, which together store representations, symbolic and real-institutional unity of the body politic of the nation, and is the key to the dichotomy of nation-state - its dynamics and statics. Thus, the concept of nation-state process of reconciliation Madrid provides citizens with the idea of a sovereign political body which defends freedom and respects their interests and concluded lifestyle. Thus, the concept of the nation state H. Ortega y Gasset is the liberal-conservative trait. It is presented as a result of historical passages mature nation and a compromise individual rights of the person will and ability of elites. (shrink)

Mark Jago has introduced a short Fitch-style argument for truthmaker maximalism – the thesis that every truth has a truthmaker. In response to Jago, Trueman argues that the Fitch-style reasoning allows us to prove the opposite – no truth has a truthmaker. In the article, we consider the debates between Jago’s truthmaker maximalism and Trueman’s truthmaker nihilism. Also, we introduce a short Grim-style argument against Jago’s truthmaker maximalism.

У статті розкриваються російсько-радянські основи ментальності мешканців Донбасу, яка характеризується автором як афективно-фрагментарна. Її ключовими особливостями є історична багатоукладність ціннісних смислів, гостре внутрішнє протиріччя, переплетення архаїко-язичницьких і християнських ідей, глибокий вплив міфо-казкових архетипів. Кілька спроб модернізації країни не змінили радянсько-російську ментальність, вона лише набула цивілізаційних атрибутів, але не напрацювала позитивних механізмів адаптації до нових реалій життя.

The article describes the representation of St. Augustine's spirit and theological-historical implications of the law, its positive impact on the legitimization of European identity. Theologian distinguishes three types of law: a temporary, natural and eternal law. The latter is an all-encompassing force that controls all the processes of creation. It is implemented through the story and disclosed in the cognitive capabilities of a person to understand its course. Person of the eternal law is also the Holy Letter. It directs the (...) faithful to the divine essence and enables the implementation of the covenants of Christ - to search for individual mutual society. Realization of the Divine precepts creates two social practices: the legalization of individual and corporate rights of the defense of honor and collective property, as well as claims libertalny principle of law. Natural law comes from the eternal law, and there is a perfect synthesis of normal human relationships and the general laws of nature. Its key provisions are security and the continuation of life of the human race. Precept of natural law is the pursuit of a free implementation of the transcendent and the immanent levels of human existence. And at the same time the desire of people to be a single entity - to reach a general agreement (concordia), the order of love with all the elements of social life. Klyuchnym for achieving concordia is understanding people in the language that gives everyone in the communication process with the "neighbors" to reveal their natural essence and develop common criteria for the fair. Temporary law is a combination of the laws of the state and social control in the form of folk traditions and customs. It forms a unique socio-politic about individual people and determines its development. For Augustine, the temporary law is conscious norm overseas social elements of individual and corporate desires that can destroy people reached concordia. However, Augustine's interpretation of the law did not eliminate the temporary rule of the eternal law in the soul of man - his conscience and the right of free solutions. The human soul is a divine archetype, and therefore the individual acquires the status of an autonomous artist eternal and natural law. Thus, the Augustinian doctrine of the law legitimizes the human right to self-affirmation, the autonomic harmonization of all three levels of law. This aspect of the teaching of St. Augustine become the basis for the approval of the European individualism. (shrink)

У статті розкрито уявлення св. Августина про іманентний і трансцендентний зміст страху й визначено його місце в уявленій світобудові та значення в індивідуальному процесі реалізації універсальних форм - у спасінні. Виявлено, що в доктрині отця церкви страх має три види і є дієвим елементом світобудови. Його спроможність трансформувати світоглядну уяву первісно залежить від вільного вибору людини. А символізм й ієрархічність дали змогу створити теократичний взірець ідеального соціально-політичного порядку й використовувати страх як знаряддя "нагляду" за всім, що потенційно загрожує безпеці колективного (...) спасіння. (shrink)

У статті розкривається концепція миру в уявлені св. Августина для позитивного вирішення проблеми синхронізації колективного й індивідуального з метою збереження комунікації між іманентним і трансцендентним. Робиться висновок, що поняття "мир" в Августиновій доктрині отримало універсальний зміст завдяки своїй комплексності й кумулятивності в справі спасіння - практичного руху іманентного до трансцендентного і навпаки. Завдяки індивідуальному здобутку миру на всіх рівнях соціально-політичного й релігійного буття, pax aeterna й pax sempiterna максимально зближуються і тим ставлять людство перед Божою ласкою.