Logically, among the various pictorial elements that poet chooses, merges, and uses contemplatively and deliberately in his work, certain semantic and aesthetic connections exist that studying and analyzing them can help us in comprehension, criticism, and editing of literary texts. These relations between these elements construct certain linear and geometric shapes in poetic images that attention to them can display the technical and semantic delicacies of poetic texts. In this article, the author wants to propose this point by analyzing and (...) classifying these relations and clarify it by recursion to instances that have been chosen and studied from past and present texts. (shrink)

Gnosticism and true knowledge are not limited to any special nation or individual. Anyone who is created by God has the ability to understand these holy concepts. Thus all men of :::union:::, although they live far away from each other, have the same beloved and therefore the hidden meaning of their expressions is the same. In our literature, Molana's mystical poems cannot be challenged and his parables are saturated with mysticism and love. One of such mystical anecdotes is the story (...) titled man and treasure selected from the sixth book of Masnavi Manavi. The traces of such understanding can be seen clearly in the Alchemist story by Paolo Queleo which has been and still is the most sold book in the world. This effect (on Queleo's work) makes any person praise Molana's great thought. The present research is going to show the differences and similarities between these two stories by comparing them. Also, it is going to show the effect of Molana's mind and discourse on this great American writer's thought. (shrink)

Literary texts are a set of intellectual and cultural reserves of nations and reflect their thoughts, ideas and hopes which in every era and period are affected by people and their needs. Many problems such as sociology, management, economy, politics, cultural and social aspects and law exist in literature. Thus, in order to know nations one has to be affiliated with their literature. Legal subjects and related concepts and terms are among issues which are specifically prominent in these texts and (...) so far little attention has been paid to them. In this research authors try to examine the chapters of "Lion and Cow" and "investigating Demne's work" in terms of criminal law, which alone is one of the principal branches of law, because the phenomena of crime and criminal are highly manifested in these two chapters. Crime and criminal, various punishments and their objectives, and subjects related to penal justice such as testimony, juridical investigations and judge's impressionability are posed in this paper and in each case it is tried to analyze the subjects in comparison to Islamic criminal law. This research indicates that by thinking and going through literary texts one can find the point of similarity between literature and legal discussions. As a result, literature and its valuable content can be used for enriching legal rules and regulations as well as preventing crimes and promoting health of society. (shrink)

Regionalism in the contemporary Iranian story writing begins seriously in 30's and reaches its peak in 40's and 50's. The regional stories reflect, mostly, the common characteristics and elements such as cultures, beliefs, rules and ceremonies in the geographical area. In the contemporary Iranian story writing, with respect to the geographical origins of writers and regional specifications reflected in their works, five realms of regional story writing in the north, south, east, west, and Azarbaijan can be distinguished. After presenting definition (...) of regional story, this article counts and introduces critically the northern regional stories and their specifications. It indicates that this realm of regional story writing has special importance and validity, in spite of simplistic theories of some critics. (shrink)

Psychological analysis of people based on psychology of color is considered as one of the current methods in psychology. Those who choose colors freely and consciously and on the basis of their interests and taste pave the way for their psychological analysis. Saeb as the most prominent literary figure of the 11th century A.H and as one of the most active poets of this country is a suitable choice for psychological analysis based on psychology of colors because not only his (...) poems are significant in volume and content, but also he has represented individual and social problems by using colors in his works. In Saeb’s poems red and black have been used mostly. Red is an indicator of passion, enthusiasm and his endless motivation for achieving all the desires which have been taken away from him in different ways. Black is the symbol of darkness and negating everything. Beyond this color nothing is imaginable and so it is considered as the end of the road, despair and resignation. The use of these two colors together shows the poet’s struggle for escaping from the existing condition and it seems that there is still the hope for improvement and better times. The red (and the words which are the symbols of it) reminds fatherland, in general, and Iran and Isfahan, in particular. Black (and the words associated with it) is the symbol of India and its dependent lands. This is to the extent that in poet’s mind and soul Isfahan and India are synonyms and substitutes of red and black. (shrink)

Allegory, an old widely- used tradition in poetry, has been employed by Persian poets all through the history of Persian literature. Khaghani who is considered as one of the stylist poets of Seljuk era, paid special attention to allegory. The present article is a survey of the use of allegory in Khaghani’s Divan and points to certain verses in which the poet has employed this technique. The results of the present study reveal two points. First, the main part of Khaghani’s (...) central thought which is considered as a usual and customary characteristic of stylist poets of this era has appeared in allegories, specially those that come in form of allusion to Koran and ideological instructions. Second, various intentions and tools of application of allegory in Khaghani’s poems are another evidences for his personal style. (shrink)

Bahrame Gur and Bahrame Chobin are among the prominent characters of Shahnameh. It seems that the story of the life of these two champions has been exposed to legendary and popular narratives and it has been hidden in ambiguity and mystery. Similarity in some of the narratives and events of the life of these two characters enforces this hypothesis that these events are related to the life of one person. Since the story of Bahrame Gur and Bahrame Chobin has been (...) located at the end of Shahnameh little attention has been paid to it. Nonetheless people who loved culture and peace always respected them because they found the character of these two champions in harmony with their own truth-seeking character. The sameness of the name of these two semi-historical characters made their adventures more complex and this matter has been also reflected in Shahnameh. This research tries to give an approximately real illustration of these two great champions by considering one of the most powerful humane motives, namely power, and the related theories which form a great degree of human's manner. The appearance of these two characters in Shahnameh represents the "collective unconscious" of an idealist and truth-seeking nation against the assault of foreigners and inner monarchy. (shrink)

Fasting, as a common practice in mystic schools, has a special status due to religious obligation it demands, its constructive nature, and its role as the first step in spiritual aspiration. In the context of mystical thought, and due to interpretive and spiritual quality of mysticism, fasting goes beyond the boundaries of superficial religious interpretations, expands its meaning and finds a meta-religious stance, so that sometimes attention to religious fasting itself defiles such meta-religious fasting. The dialectic/interactive structure of mysticism which, (...) in the process of presence and absence, constantly exposes the phenomena to "becoming," is comprised of three common mystical principles and patterns: religion, spirituality, and truth. In this structure each concept or category is an element or component which, immediately, gains an interpretive dimension and can be placed under the principles of religion, spirituality and truth with different semantic dimensions. A diachronic and historical study of fasting reveals that in the early stages of mysticism and Sufism, what matters most for mystics is the religious aspect of fasting. In recent years, however, the practice of fasting has come to exhibit a closer relationship with interpretation, in alignment with its three-partite structure. In this article, we review the various approaches to fasting in prominent mystical texts and analyse the similarities and differences among these approaches in a structuralist reading. (shrink)

Ghorbat (nostalgia) is an Arabic gerund. Literally it means being separated from one's home and going away and colloquially it means the remoteness of human spirit from the Spiritual World and the Great Court since soul has lived near God and suddenly it was polluted with guilt and descended to this earthy world. After descent, soul came to this world a world which is not reprehensible by itself but when soul depends itself on world and its attachments and forgets its (...) essence, the world binds and weakens it. Soul which has been detached from heavenly position suffers from grief and is taken captive in the body and this captivity, in fact, provides the causes of its nostalgia. In this essay backgrounds of human nostalgia are studied. In addition, the concept of nostalgia in Molana's poems is considered. Investigations show that human nostalgia has special mystical position in mystic works. Therefore, we can find roots and backgrounds of nostalgia in pre-Islam religions and opinions of philosophers and scholars before Molana. By examining the historical path of nostalgia among pioneer mystics it can be concluded that Molana's discourse, because of some reasons like his experience of nostalgia and his proficiency in sciences of his time particularly, Quran and Hadiths, is more attractive and impressive. Molana believes in transcendental nature of soul. He believes that soul and passion are afflicted by nostalgia in this earthly world and man should try to be united with his essence. In terms of informing and pacifying, art as a high and holy truth has been the assistant of nostalgic humans. Also, eternal passion as an attracting sexuality factor helps human in return to his essence. (shrink)

One of the characteristics of symbolic-mystical poems is the use of reversed or paradoxical terms like: debauchery, disobedience, sin, unbelief, Christianity, hypocrisy & dissimulation and their synonyms. These terms are often used in mystical & lyric poems and study of them can help us to comprehend and interpret them from different points of view. These reversed terms symbolize the motion of mankind’s soul, mystical states and loving intoxication Hafez, one of the most remarkable Persian sonnet writers, uses these term very (...) often. He calls himself a debauchee or disobedient because of his disbelief in the faith of exoteric worshippers and of his belief in intoxication and inner motion or soul change. Thus, the poet considers disobedience a heritage of Adam which we should take it willingly. The reversed terms in this group are: a) debauchery, b) disobedience and sin c) act of forbidden d) ill-fame, qalandar, scoundrel, indifferentism e) ogling, revelry, drunkenness f) unbelief, Christianity, idolatry, wearing non-Muslim girdle g) hypocrisy & dissimulation, pollution, Rendi. (shrink)

Study of most sonnets of Rumi reveals that after music the plurality of images is the most prominent aspect of these sonnets. These images are the result of moments of revelation and ecstasy of the poet. In such moments, the element of language becomes salient for suggesting the meaning to the reader. In such moments, a number of images help Rumi to express his revelations. Because of this, his poems have a revelatory and dream-like mood. The interpretation of such sonnets (...) is possible when the reader recognizes this central element and refers to the prior linguistic elements. The approach which helps the reader in such interpretation is intertextuality. At the basis of intertextuality is the idea that text is not an independent closed system and there is no text in vacuum, but each text, consciously or unconsciously, is written and read with other texts. In this article, the image of sea and its correlates, as one of the most used poetic images by Rumi, are studied on the basis of intertextuality theory. This study tries to find the relations between the texts with regard to this image and interpret these relations. (shrink)

Tarh poem in Persian and Towghi in Arabic are two kinds of modern poetry which are told in a meaningful way by using a few words. We can say that short classic poems in Persian and Arabic are replaced by Tarh and Towghi which are recognized by Persian and Arabic poets in early 70s of 20th century. History of Persian short poems goes back to the old short poems and then to “Khosravi-ha” and history of Arabic short poems goes back (...) to Towghi of Abbasi’s time. The most important reasons for the spread of this kind of poems are: Change of opinion about the world, speed and hurry, change in collective feelings, business and lack of time, traditions’ violation and being influenced by others. This kind of poem in Persian was started by Nima’s short poems and was followed by Bizhan Jalili, Zia’oddin Khaleghi, Mohammad Zahri, Mansur Owji and Sirus Nowzari. In Arabic it was started by Amin Al-Reyhani and Jobran Khalil Jobran and was followed by Ezzoddin Monasere, Ahmad Matar, Mozzaffar Navvab and Ebrahim Nasrollah. In this research, the properties of Tarh and Towghi like language, meter and rhyme, brevity and semantic norm breaking and attraction of subject are studied, and also it is shown that although this kind of poem is affected by foreign poems, it is not a copy of them, and it goes back to old poems of these two literatures. (shrink)

The beautiful handwriting of Persian language suffers from some problems and the facilitation of these problem is the job of Persian writing scholars. The present article discusses the problem of connected spelling in comparison with disconnected recording of compound words. It criticizes and evaluates graphemic conventions in Persian. It also advocates and enumerates the advantages and benefits of the disconnected form and exemplifies the idea through common compounds.

Using modern methods for studying literature does not have a long history in Iran but such methods can be observed in the works of non-Iranian researchers who study Persian literary history. The study of Persian literature and the process of its evolution was considered by non-Iranian researchers from the beginning. Therefore, literary works of Shebly Noamany, Edward Brown and Yan Reepka are considerable because they propose three different views in the study of Persian literature history and its development process: Shebly (...) Noamany’s eastern view, Edward Brown’s western view and Yan Reepka’s realistic view. In addition, topics such as addressee recognition, criticism of trandition and realism, which produced new attitudes in Persian literature are obviously seen in the works of these researchers. In this article, the mentioned topics are studied and the roots of similarities and differences, between the three researchers are investigated. Also, some grounds of modernism in literature are analyzed. (shrink)

Iran and China relationship goes back to past centuries, even before Islam. But, after the victory of Islam, stronger bonds were developed between the two countries and, gradually, different depictions of Chinese culture and civilization were reflected in Persian literature and particularly in poetry. Chinese religion and ritual, aestheticism, handicrafts and painting are some of the representations to which this essay is devoted. This essay also investigates the general reflection of China in Persian poetry.

Allegory is an indirect expression which is based on simile: In this trope, the person uses a concrete entity to suggest his mentality which is usually an abstract concept. In old and modern rhetorics, allegory has been considered as a tool for imagery. Considering books on old and modern rhetorics and by investigating the proverbs in which allegory is used to make meaning accessible for the reader, it can be said that allegory and imagery do exit not only in simile-based (...) proverbs but also in other types of proverbs. In other words, allegory is not just Tamsilia metaphor and it can be found even in ironic proverbs. Considering proverbs’ books, a proverb can have a simile orientation as well as metaphorical and ironic orientations. Even, a motto can become a proverb because of its prevalence among people. This article is a study about finding equivalence between Persian and Arabic proverbs. One of the findings of this study is that hyperbole in Arabic allegories is much more than Persian ones. Although many proverbs, have similar functions in the two languages, humane and animal fables have been produced in different forms like exemplum and equation format. In other words, if a proverb in Persian has a equivalence in Arabic, the two proverbs are not necessarily of the same kind. Also, using an image for a characteristic and hyperbole in the characteristic can be added to the content of allergies. (shrink)

The subject of ‘Determinism’ and ‘Free will’ is one of the most debatable and abstruse theological arguments. This argument has very old historical roots and has been appeared in different ways in the sayings and thoughts of philosophers, mystics, poets and others. It can be said that the concept of determinism is one of the key and practical concepts in the poetry of Hafez and Abu Ala Maari. Judging from the form of words, some people assume that these two poets (...) belong to determinism and another group of people assume that they believe in free will by commenting and interpreting theirs verses. This study tries to deal with this matter and do a comparative study of the poetry of these two eminent poets in this ground. Although in the scales of the attitudes of the two poets determinism outweighs free will, a halo of doubt and distraught shadows on the ideologies of these two, so that in Hafez’s attitude it tends towards the specification of free will-oriented thought in many cases, while Maari just suffices to follow a mean manner, and speaks scarcely about determinism. We see, therefore, that in Hafez’s attitude there is a type of spirituality combined with profligacy (rindi) which cannot be elicited from Abu-Al-Ala’s ideology. (shrink)

The problem of compound verb and determining clear criteria for distinguishing this form of verb from verb phrase and simple verb has been a subject of hard debates among grammarians, especially over the last few years. While providing answers to some of the existing open questions about compound verbs, this paper focuses on analysis of the structure of this grammatical category from two aspects, semantic and morphological, and establishes a framework that offers a clear pattern for the analysis of this (...) linguistic phenomenon based on the presented information. It is our belief that compound verb, like all compound words, is one of the linguistic phenomena playing a role in extension of semantic field in Persian language. (shrink)

This article aims at a narratological study of the “Haftgordan story” of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and the story of “Afrasyab-ibn Pashang” as narrated by Anushirvan Marzban in Hormozdyar. After a review of the summaries of the two narratives, a comparative structural study of the works coupled with a study of their mythical and ritual origins are presented. These studies show that Ferdowsi’s account of the story is characterized by its bucolic, nationalistic and rationalistic nature as well as the exclusion of some (...) ritual (Rostam as a Zoroastrian hero) and mythical (Afrasyab’s visit to Satan) parts. Although it seems that the exclusion of ritual parts may have occurred some time before Ferdowsi, it is quite probable that the omission of mythical parts was his own decision. Conversely, Anushiravan’s narrative, originating from priestly order with emphasis on the teachings of Mazdisnai, is more original and unified, and it enjoys from an equally mythical and ritual deep structure that is more in harmony with the similar patterns in Persian stories. This story particularly plays an important role in the analysis of the Persian epic in its transmission from priestly to bucolic narration. (shrink)

Mutual cultural and literary relations among world nations, especially neighboring countries, have been customary and conventional. A prevalent relation, worth mentioning, could be that of Iran and Iraq. The contemporary Iraqi poet, Jameel Sedqi Zohawy (d.1936), possesses a particular status in this regard. The author tries to write about his life, works, views, style and position in contemporary Arab world, and also his competence in and familiarity with Persian language and literature. No doubt Zohawy's friendship with contemporary Iranian men of (...) letter like the late poet laureate Bahar, his attendance in the congress for the millennium of “Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh” and presentation of Persian and Arabic poems in this congress, are studied in this article. Also stated in the article are some words on the Farsi poems of Jameel's father, Mula Mohammad Zohawy. The author believes that these topics are great steps in understanding literary and cultural cooperation of Persian language & literature with that of Arab and Muslim countries. (shrink)

Tarikh-e Baihaq by Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Zaid-e Baihaqi, known as Ibn-e Fundoq, is undoubtedly one of the most important and significant works on local historiography. As the title of the book indicates, it deals with the region of Baihaq (now: Sabzevar), as well as the biographies of the renowned persons who lived there. In fact, the book is a historical geography which illuminates many ambiguous dimensions of that area. Since Ibn-e Fonduq had unique knowledge of Persian and Arabic literature, (...) he cited many poems of famous and non-fomous poets of Beigaq in his work. Thus, this book has a lot of Arabic and Persian poems remained without any scholarly research so far. In this paper, I have dealt with the Arabic poems of the preamble and of the epilogue which demonstrated the current technical prose of the 6th century and also tried to give the meaning of the Arabic poems as well as distinguishing the poets. (shrink)

Mazdak appearance on Sassanid era is one of the most important historical events of Persian history which has certain complexity and ambiguity. This event has narrated extensively by Ferdowsi in Shahnameh and the historians and researchers of Shahnameh have always referenced to Shahnameh in their analysis of this story. They also have used the contents of the national epic in their reviews. But the wonder is that neither Iranian researchers nor the orientalists referred to several fundamental differences between the narrative (...) of Shahnameh and other histories about this event.The most important difference is the change of a part of Ghobad history after the emergence of Mazdak in Shahnameh. In this paper, the advent of Mazdak is studied critically in Shahnameh and other historical sources. (shrink)

Many ancient epic and folk stories have mythological bases. Characters, creatures and events in these stories are presented with a mythological coverings, so that sometimes it is impossible to distinguish reality from myth. Sam-Nameh is a half epic- half lyric series which depicts the story of Sam's travel for finding his beloved. This series, which consists of many intervowen short stories, in some respects adopts mythological patterns. Some of these patterns have their roots in Iranian myths, especially in Avesta and (...) Shahnameh, and some others can be traced back tonon–Iranian mythology. Sam, the protagonist, is comparable to the Gods in non-Iranian myths and heroes in Iranian myths. Also, the female protagonists share a lot of similar characteristics with mythological goddesses. The present study aims to detect mythological bases in some events experienced by Sam and to compare the protagonist and some other characters with mythological patterns. (shrink)

This article comprises three parts. The first section deals with the evaluation of geometry & its relation to the parallelism among the main three fold worlds [intellectual world, absolute imagination world, & material world]. In this section, we considered Pythagoreans, Plato, Ibn Sina, Ekhvan alsafa, Abu Reyhan Biruni and Rene Guene view points about the symbolic position of geometry & its relation to the spiritual insights. In the thoughts of these figures, geometry describes the super natural realm & cosmic lives (...) of the heavens by a philosophic language & by offering interior insights leads the soul to the real existence. In Ekhvan alsafa's view points, geometry splits into two Categories of sensible & rational & both are considered as a new way in recognition of the wisdom essence & the nature of the soul. The second section deals with geometric position of the existence system in creating the order & unity of the world components. In this section the cosmic orderlines & parallelism of the symbolic appearance of god's justice in proportion to the inner merit &, in other words, the worth of every thing are explained. Third section is allocated to the relationship between geometry & monotheism insights & also some meanings of geometric symbols. The presence of geometric structure in the abstract styles of geometric ornaments, Islamic, Khatayi or architectural forms & volumes is adopted from the holy principle of monotheism. The essence of monotheism in the field of visual imagination is manifested in the geometric crystallized forms & by itself forms the essence of the Islamic art. At the end of this section we deal with the meanings of the main geometric symbols: point, triangle, circle & square in the obtained view points. (shrink)

Narratology is one of the modern methods in the analysis of literary works which was first applied on Russian fairytales by Russian critique Vladimir Propp. Propp's ideas in the book "The structural analysis of the tale" had an important influence on the narrative theory. Nearly all the French structuralists have been influenced by Propp and some even tried to complete and correct his theories. Being a real story, "Hasanak_ e_ Vazir" doesn't correspond to the theories of Propp and others. But (...) considering Beihaghi's time of narration, it's structural points and also paying attention to the point that the protagonists of the story have surpassed the limits of a real character and their deeds and sayings call for the reader's pondering, this story has the capacity for structural and morphological analysis. The writer tries to study: 1) the way the story begins 2) getting familiar with the protagonists and the antagonists 3)the cause and effects or actions and reactions. 4) The way information is given to the reader or the chronological relations between the story's events. 5) climax. 6) The conclusions out of Beihaghi's narration. (shrink)

The myth of Siyavash, with regard to its every minute thematic structure, is one of the most pivotal part in the Iranian mythological chain and gives structural support to it. Most stories are, thematically, like Siyavash’s, and pave the way for it. Siyavash has the highest humane character in Iranian myths and especially in Shahnameh. His birth, life, and death possess the qualities of ancient myths and his character is enshrouded in mystery and ritual. Based on the analysis of the (...) themes of Siyavash's mythological character, the present article aims to scrutinize a number of his prominent characteristics and consequently to prove that: a) Siyavash is god-like (like Ahura and supernatural beings). b) His character is quite like the archetype of the first man. Finally, the article tries to answer the main question: What is the reason of Siyavash's mystery? The tacit answer to these hypotheses could introduce Siyavash as an influential and comprehensive character a character that is perfect and dynamic. (shrink)

The issue of science and rationalism (knowledge and cognition) achievement in humans has always been present in the mind of philosophers and scientists. Among the old philosophers, Sheikh Shahabedin Yahya Sohravardi paid special attention to these issues and in his many different Persian and Arabic philosophical publications, he presented different definitions of this subject. The goal of this study is to answer this question that whether these different definitions are due to lack of understanding or mental depression of Sheikh in (...) this area or indicating his gradual thought evolution. Answering to this question depends on precise investigation of these definitions and comparing them with each other and determining their chronological delay or priority. Results of this study show that, because Sheikh-Eshragh was under the influence Mašša? philosophy in his early works, he concluded that science and rationalism result from the form of objects in mind. Then, in the process of his thought evolution he presented different descriptions of this issue. Finally, after his experience in Nori-Eshraghi, he concluded that science and rationalism are the result of brilliant personality. The sources used in this paper are, firstly, Persian and Arabic philosophical works that were accessible to Sheikh and two famous and authentic commentaries by Shahrzori and Ghotbedin Shirazi about Hekmatol-Eshragh. The reason of this is to use Sheikh’s sayings or famous commentator of Hekmatol-Eshragh directly, Other available sources are also used for this study. Since Mola-Sadra was influenced by Sheikh-Eshragh a lot, the differences of Mola-Sadra’s views and Sheikh’s views about this issue are also investigated. (shrink)

One of the mysterious phenomena in our world is "dream" or "to dream". Objects are appeared symbolically in this phenomenon. Thus, to understand their real meaning, they should be interpreted and investigated. Long since, it was common to investigate dream symbols and compiling them led to create works called "dream interpretation book" So many symbols have been allocated to women and women problems in Persian dream interpretation books.By considering and analyzing these symbols, they would present a more clear and more (...) complete picture of woman from ancients' point of view. Among these, "dishes" are symbols interpreted as woman. The approach of ancients in some interpretations, specially interpretation of dishes in dream interpretation books, are similar to Freudian approach, in which he believes that hollow objects denote woman. Also some basils, birds and animals have symbolic meaning in dream interpretation books. By observing the meaning of these symbols, two motifs are seen. a) uniting and marriage and sexual or financial enjoyment of women and,b)dissociating or divorcing them and death. Birds flying from our hands or house and picking flowers and a bunch of flowers are symbols that denote separating from women. Watching a flower on a tree and killing birds are symbols of sexual enjoyment. (shrink)

Marzban-name includes old tales and narratives. It is believed that this book was originally written in one of the middle – Persian dialects. As Varavini says it was first written in Tabari language and after that it was translated into New-Persian by Saad ed Din Varavini and Malatyvi. By investigating its stories, it becomes obvious that, according to Varavini, Marzban-name has very old origin, even older than what Varavini claimed. This archaism is very obvious in the content of most of (...) the main and secondary stories and also in its ironical structure. In this paper, by mythological- historical and socio- cultural analysis of Marzban-name, it is tried to find the origin of most stories and narratives which reflect the Iranian beliefs and ideas of neighbors whose culture has affected Iranian culture of that time. In addition, by referring to social, cultural and religious conventions of Iranians before Islam, the approximate date of this work which certainly refers to pre- Islamic period and Sasani-age would be estimated. (shrink)

Geographical elements should be considered for understanding similarity of compounds and expressions and several features of stylistics among poets of Arran school and Azerbaijan, especially Khaghani and Nezami. Because of this, some similes and ironies in the poetry of Khaghani, Nezami and some other poets of Azerbaijan are almost unique. This article tries to correct some pervasive distortions in Khaghani’s poetry. Such distortion is also evident in Nezami’s poetry. Since such distortion is the product of a compound which belongs solely (...) to Khaghani, Nezami, Mojiraldyn Beilqany and some other poets, it seemed strange to scribes and some editors and this matter caused distortion in these compounds. (shrink)