The tetrahedron of knowledge acquisition : A meta-model of the relations among observation, conceptualization, evaluation and action in the research on socio-ecological systems

Systems Research and Behavioral Science 19:211-221 (2002)
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Abstract

This paper presents a meta-model which integrates different approaches in the research on socio-ecological systems. The relations between hypothetical-deductive, empirical-inductive and interpretive-phenomenological holistic research approaches are visualized schematically together with their interrelations with the real system. All the relations shown are described.

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