從《莊子》的「養生主」 到太極武術的倫理主體: 一種回應當代主體性危機的探索

NTU Philosophical Review 63:83-128 (2022)
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Abstract

在後現代思潮的衝擊下,啟蒙時代的主體觀受到很大的挑戰。然而,過 於強調主體,固然容易造成對他者的壓迫,形成同質化的暴力;但主張去主 體,又往往導致生命虛無與實踐的乏力,難以確立倫理責任,畢竟,主體能 動性是構成責任的先決條件。本文主張,面對當代的主體性危機,《莊子》 的「養生主」提供了嶄新的視野,能夠為當代奠立更合宜的主體觀。「養生 主」作為一個重要的哲學概念,不只是保養身體、安頓心靈而已,還指向了 一種經營倫理關係(養親)的生命人格。「養生主」以氣化與工夫修養為關 鍵的實踐過程,所成就的倫理主體,會對他者的差異化保持開放,不再是只 強調同一的主體。然而,這樣的工夫如何落實在生活脈絡裡,也是一個重要 問題。本文以太極拳這門具有古典文化意涵的武術作為考察,透過《莊子》 「養生主」的概念來詮釋太極武術中的「懂勁」、「神明」、「完整一氣」、「捨 己從人」、「物來順應」等的虛化工夫所成就的倫理主體,同時以「極柔軟,然後能極堅剛」來說明這樣的虛化工夫,不僅僅是「去主體化」,同時也是 「主體化」的實踐歷程。換言之,在「去主體化」與「主體化」的交織下所 形成的倫理主體,可視為對當代主體危機的一種回應可能.

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