L'article décrit et expose les résultats de deux séries d'expériences de coulée de figurines en bronze suivant la méthode de la fonte à la cire perdue. Ces expérimentations avaient pour but d'essayer de reproduire les procédés d'élaboration et de coulée utilisés à l'époque minoenne et de préciser leur rôle et leur influence sur l'apparence finale des objets.

The ways in which the sciences have been delineated and categorized throughout history provide insights into the formation, stabilization, and establishment of scientific systems of knowledge. The Dresdener school’s approach for explaining and categorizing the genesis of the engineering disciplines is still valid, but needs to be complemented by further-reaching methodological and theoretical reflections. Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of social practice is applied to the question of how individual agents succeed in influencing decisively a discipline’s changing object orientation, institutionalisation and self-reproduction. (...) Through the accumulation of social, cultural and economic capital, they succeed in realising their own organisational ideas and scientific programs. Key concepts for the analysis include the struggle for power and resources, monopolies of interpretation, and the degree of autonomy. A case study from the Aachener Technische Hochschule shows that the consolidation of ferrous metallurgy can be conceived as a symbolical struggle between Fritz Wüst, professor for ferrous metallurgy, and the German Iron and Steel Institute, leading to a construction of a system of differences in which scientists accepted being scientists rather than entrepreneurs, and entrepreneurs accepted becoming entrepreneurs and renounced science. (shrink)

C'est grâce à la tenue d'un congrès ­ non mixte ­ de femmes de la métallurgie, en 1978, que la condition des ouvrières réapparut comme préoccupation du syndicalisme brésilien contemporain. Ces congrès, ainsi que les campagnes de syndicalisation promues par les différents syndicats grâce à la création des premières sections féminines, permit l'inclusion des revendications des travailleuses parmi les thèmes de revendications salariales des syndicats. Le premier congrès des ouvrières de ..

C'est grâce à la tenue d'un congrès ­ non mixte ­ de femmes de la métallurgie, en 1978, que la condition des ouvrières réapparut comme préoccupation du syndicalisme brésilien contemporain. Ces congrès, ainsi que les campagnes de syndicalisation promues par les différents syndicats grâce à la création des premières sections féminines, permit l'inclusion des revendications des travailleuses parmi les thèmes de revendications salariales des syndicats. Le premier congrès des ouvrières de...

Summary A study of the metallurgy and manufacturing techniques of a group of eight astrolabes (seven from Lahore, one attributed to India) using non-destructive methods has produced the earliest evidence for systematic use of high-zinc (α?+??) brass. To produce this alloy, the brass industry supplying the Lahore instrument makers must have co-melted metallic copper and zinc. This brass-making technology was previously believed to have been developed on an industrial scale in the nineteenth century in Europe. This work hypothesizes that (...) this technology was used in Lahore on an industrial scale as early as ad 1601. In addition, this work hypothesizes that the α?+?? brass alloy was used specifically for its ease in manufacturing the thin sheet brass required for astrolabe-component manufacture. (shrink)

Summary A study of the metallurgy and manufacturing techniques of a group of eight astrolabes (seven from Lahore, one attributed to India) using non-destructive methods has produced the earliest evidence for systematic use of high-zinc (α + β) brass. To produce this alloy, the brass industry supplying the Lahore instrument makers must have co-melted metallic copper and zinc. This brass-making technology was previously believed to have been developed on an industrial scale in the nineteenth century in Europe. This work (...) hypothesizes that this technology was used in Lahore on an industrial scale as early as ad 1601. In addition, this work hypothesizes that the α + β brass alloy was used specifically for its ease in manufacturing the thin sheet brass required for astrolabe-component manufacture. (shrink)

Summary A study of the metallurgy and manufacturing techniques of a group of eight astrolabes using non-destructive methods has produced the earliest evidence for systematic use of high-zinc brass. To produce this alloy, the brass industry supplying the Lahore instrument makers must have co-melted metallic copper and zinc. This brass-making technology was previously believed to have been developed on an industrial scale in the nineteenth century in Europe. This work hypothesizes that this technology was used in Lahore on an (...) industrial scale as early as ad 1601. In addition, this work hypothesizes that the α + β brass alloy was used specifically for its ease in manufacturing the thin sheet brass required for astrolabe-component manufacture. (shrink)

"Diese Enzyklopädie des gesamten naturkundlichen Wissen des Altertums wurde von Plinius aus griechischen und römischen Quellen zusammengestellt und nach Sachgruppen geordnet. Sie bedeutet eine Grundlage naturwissenschaftlicher Lehre bis weit ins 19. Jahrhundert und ist ein unerschöpfliches Nachschlagewerk zu Kunst, Geographie, Astronomie, Biologie, Pharmazie und Medizin der Antike." Helvetia aerchaeologia Erste lateinisch-deutsche Gesamtausgabe der 37 Bücher.

"Diese Enzyklopädie des gesamten naturkundlichen Wissen des Altertums wurde von Plinius aus griechischen und römischen Quellen zusammengestellt und nach Sachgruppen geordnet. Sie bedeutet eine Grundlage naturwissenschaftlicher Lehre bis weit ins 19. Jahrhundert und ist ein unerschöpfliches Nachschlagewerk zu Kunst, Geographie, Astronomie, Biologie, Pharmazie und Medizin der Antike." Helvetia aerchaeologia Erste lateinisch-deutsche Gesamtausgabe der 37 Bücher.

E.F. Geoffroy's table of different relations ( rapports ) between different chemical substances is mainly based on empirical knowledge accumulated in 16th and 17th century metallurgy and pharmacy. The substances listed in the left half of the table were basic for the formation of salts which were produced for medical ends in the chemical-pharmaceutical practice of the 17th century. The right half of the table refers to substances and operations of metallurgy which had already been described in the (...) metallurgical writings of the 16th century. Even Geoffroy's ordering of the substances within the columns of his table has its origin in metallurgical and pharmaceutical practice. The key concept of the conceptual framework underlying the table and its commentary is the concept of chemical compound which emerged at the end of the 17th century. Geoffroy extends the range of application of this concept, which was first limited to chemical artefacts, to include natural bodies. Eliminating the peripatetical distinction between natural bodies and chemical artefacts he formulates a new research program, consisting in the determination of the laws of the relations ( rapports ) between different chemical substances. (shrink)

At the beginning of the 20th century, research on material substances such as blood and metals was in high demand, as is apparent from the successful careers of the serologist Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884–1954) and the metallurgist Jan Czochralski (1885–1953). Both were leading experts of their time, their transnational biographies – spanning the German-speaking countries and Poland – were remarkably similar, and they both played important roles in the development of their respective disciplines. This paper explores how their contributions were closely (...) tied to the circulation of their respective research materials – blood and metals – and of knowledge about them throughout Europe and beyond. These examples forcefully demonstrate that, in order to fully understand how specific, widely accepted bodies of knowledge emerge, both local situations and the material conditions have to be considered. Drawing on Latour's actor-network theory, the transnational stories of serology and metallurgy demonstrate the range of human and non-human actors, practices, and techniques that contributed to the circulation of knowledge, to its successful application, and also to occasional failure in specific geographical and cultural contexts. (shrink)

It appears likely that at its peak the classical economy was almost as large as that of Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. The following review of the archeological and document evidence indicates that three events occurring in the first half of the first millennium BC trigger the emergence of a specialized and integrated classical economy after 500 BC: (i) growth in demand for silver as a medium of exchange in economies in the Near East; (ii) technical breakthroughs in hull (...) construction and sailing rig in merchant shipping of the late Bronze Age; (iii) perfection of ferrous metallurgy into the European hinterland. This last event raised agricultural productivity to a level capable of supporting the occupational specialization needed to sustain a vigorous trading economy. To these initial causes may be added the diffusion of alphabetic writing. While it did not create opportunities for long-distance trade, the diffusion of writing supplied the means of responding on a scale large enough economically to matter. (shrink)

Paracelsus was a transmutational alchemist: For most of his career, he believed that one metal could be turned into another. In an alchemical text, the De renovatione et restauratione, he explored the theoretical foundations of transmutation and hinted at recipes for bringing it about. He proposed that from plants, gems, metals, and minerals might be prepared a class of marvelous medicaments, which he called prima entia (first entities). Each primum ens had particular uses, but the entia were all supposed to (...) be able to revitalize the human body and cleanse it of disease. Certain entia could also transmute metals. The De renovatione et restauratione affirmed the metaphysical centrality, in goldmaking and medicine alike, not just of purification or alteration but of renewal and transformation. It expressed the author’s eschatological excitement at God’s works of wonder, whether within or above nature. (shrink)

Why should anybody take an interest in philosophy? Is it just another detailed study like metallurgy? Or is it similar to history, literature and even religion: a study meant to do some personal good and influence our lives? In her last published work, Mary Midgley addresses provocative questions, interrogating the various forms of our current intellectual anxieties and confusions and how we might deal with them. In doing so, she provides a robust, yet not uncritical, defence of philosophy and (...) the life of the mind. This defence is expertly placed in the context of contemporary debates about science, religion, and philosophy. It asks whether, in light of rampant scientific and technological developments, we still need philosophy to help us think about the big questions of meaning, knowledge, and value. (shrink)

Borrowed from metallurgy, the concept of fusion casting is a method in the study of the humanities. In light of fusion-casting, this paper reviews the longstanding weakness of comparative studies and the limitations of its naming. Because of the superficiality and farfetchedness in comparative studies, fusion-casting studies are imperative remedies so as to break the bondage of empiricism and analogies. In the trend of globalization, comparative studies will continue to play a role, but the inherent weakness, excessive use and (...) the low quality of such studies must be overcome. The case of fusion-casting studies is not intended to get rid of comparative studies. Rather, it is intended to increase the depth of the latter so that there shall be ground-breaking progresses and innovations. (shrink)

The actuality of the research topic is that for the development of Ukraine it is necessary to take into account the indisputable fact that globalization together with the information revolution has created new conditions for all types of life. Humanity continues to grow quantitatively and increase the number of independent states whose citizens use the national languages. The purpose of the study is a critical analysis of the reasons for the unprecedented complexity of language changes in Ukraine after the collapse (...) of the Soviet Union and the restoration of its independence. Objectives of the study - to identify the deep causes of the loss of the truth of Ukrainians about their linguistic past; to prove on the basis of the latest scientific discoveries the peculiarity of the linguistic contribution of the ancestors of Ukrainians to the emergence of the Indo-European linguistic family thousands of years ago; to fulfill the forecast for the future of international languages. The methodology of the research is the noointegral, systemic and noohistorical methods that allow a newer way to analyze the affinity of the Ukrainian language with English and to make a forecast of changes in the role of the English language in the future. Presenting main material: the result of the study is the discovery of evidence that the Ukrainian language is not just a little branch of the Russian language, but a transformed primary Indo-European language. The scientists from the West were proved that Ukrainians were the part of the inventors of agriculture in Levant. During the movement on the West they chose life on the black earths of Ukraine, joined with the Arians and created the civilization "Trypillya-1". Trypillians domesticated a horse, invented a wheel, created a metallurgy of bronze and formed the economic zone of the Greate Trypillya between the Carpathians and Western Siberia. All the common words of today about 400 Indo-European languages are a cloud of tags spread from the Great Trypillya. The article is devoted to the concept of "international language". The analysis of contemporary world language changes is carried out in order to assess the possibility of converting English into a global international language. Examples of the growth and decline of languages of certain peoples in the past are considered. The data on evolution and changes in the international language ranking in the New Times are given. The facts of the temporary leadership of the French, German and Russian languages are revealed and the main reasons for their retreat and decline are indicated. The reasons for the global use of English in the twentieth century are explained, but the assumption about the impossibility of its transformation into the universal language of humanity in the future is expressed. A forecast of the influence of progress in computer technologies and artificial intelligence on the ways of using English and other languages is made. The fact of the appearance of the first version of the computer multilingual translator Travis-1 is noted and its rapid improvement and inclusion in the software of near-future mobile devices, which spread on the planet in billions of copies, is envisaged. Conclusions - formulated suggestions for plans for the development of the education system in Ukraine. It is proposed to use positive experience in Scandinavian countries - Sweden and Finland in modernizing the teaching of English and other foreign languages. (shrink)

The contributions of Portuguese and Spanish sixteenth century science and technology in fields such as metallurgy, medicine, agriculture, surgery, meteorology, cosmography, cartography, navigation, military technology, and urban engineering, by and large, have been excluded in most accounts of the Scientific Revolution. I review several recent studies in English on sixteenth and seventeenth century natural history and natural philosophy to demonstrate how difficult it has become for Anglo-American scholarship to bring Iberia back into narratives on the origins of "modernity." The (...) roots of this exclusion, to be sure, hark back to the Protestant Reformation and the Enlightenment. The oversight is unfortunate for it has blinded scholars to the fact that the Iberians first created a culture of empirical, experimental, and utilitarian knowledge-gathering of massive proportions that did not get its cues from the classics or the learned, but from merchants, enterprising settlers, and bureaucrats. The Portuguese and the Spanish confidently saw themselves as the first "moderns," superseding the ancients. The English were the first to recognize this fact and they sought to imitate the new institutions of knowledge-gathering created by the Iberians. I demonstrate, for example, the Iberian origins of many of Francis Bacon's epistemological insights and metaphors. Spanish and Portuguese scholars have long been making this point. I therefore introduce English-speaking audiences to some of the most recent scholarship by Spanish scholars on sixteenth century Iberian science and technology. (shrink)

Women were involved in both practical and theoretical aspects of scientific endeavour in the ancient world. Although the evidence is scant, it is clear that women innovated techniques in textile manufacture, metallurgy, and medical sciences. The most extensive engagement of women in science was in medicine, including obstetrics, gynaecology, pharmacology, and dermatology. The evidence for this often comes from male medical writers. Women were also involved in the manufacture of gold alloys, which interested later alchemists. Maria of Alexandria innovated (...) equipment and techniques while also theorizing about chemical change. Many of the works ascribed to women in antiquity were not written by women. However, they do indicate what sorts of sciences were taken to be the province of women. (shrink)

This paper on the occasion of the 500th birthday of the great Saxon humanistic scholar Georgius Agricola deals with his contributions to geology in the narrow sense. These, contrary to his voluminous works on mining, metallurgy and mineralogy (De re metallica and De natura fossilium, resp.) are parts of the booksDe ortu et causis subterraneorum andDe natura eorum, quae effluunt ex terra. In those we find statements on the causes of earthquakes, on volcanos and the subterranean fire as well (...) as the effects of the running water in mountain-building. Agricola's ideas on geological time and his statements on dynamics of the Earth's crust are remarkable. (shrink)

The city of lions. Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne. The war starts. Drôle de guerre. Going to work. Going to school. Fleeing from village to village. Playing cat and mouse. The second landing. Return to Beaulieu. Return to Paris. Joining the boyscouts. Learning languages. Israel becomes independent. Arrival in Haifa. Kalay high school. Military training. The Hebrew Technion in Haifa. Relativity. Asher Peres. Metallurgy. Return to France. Escape from jail. Aviva.I am the cat who walks by himself, and all places are alike to (...) me.Rudyard KiplingI am grateful to all those who contributed to this Festschrift which celebrates my 70th birthday and therefore the beginning of my eighth decade. In the Jewish religion, there is a prayer, “she-hehhyanu” to thank the Lord for having kept us alive and let us reach this day. I am an atheist and I have no Lord to thank, but I wish to thank many other people who are no longer alive and who helped me reach this point. (shrink)

Within the context of the so-called psychedelic renaissance, ketamine (C13H16CINO) has been increasingly used for therapeutic purposes. While ketamine clearly has healing powers, what interests me here is less ketamine for healing than what I will call the possibility of knowledge by ketamine. Drawing upon Deleuze and Guattari's arguments for the centrality of metal and metallurgy as a perspective on matter, I speculate that knowledge by ketamine is not identical with, yet verges on, a kind of becoming-metal of consciousness, (...) and an intuition of what Deleuze and Guattari call a ‘nonorganic life’ proper to matter. Ketamine trips provide vantage, and in some sense experience of that metallic dimension Deleuze and Guattari claim is inherent in all matter, a fluidity and transformability which for them is the basis of a hydraulic as opposed to solid model of matter, and clue to a vitality that supersedes the distinction of life and death. Intuition of the fundamentally hydraulic or metallic nature of matter is essential to what Deleuze and Guattari call a nomadic or ‘minor’ science, one that, because it centres continuous variation rather than discrete form, is capable of challenging the conservative tendencies of ‘major’ or State science. Without making claims for ketamine as in any sense sufficient for a becoming-metal of consciousness, ketamine may be constructively conjugated with other knowledges – knowledge by meditation, by dance, by music, or by martial arts, to name only a few. Such minor sciences of transformation and transmutation remain capable of a negative or corrosive relation to the State, despite the ever-present reality of recapture. (shrink)

The ArgumentMost historians of science share the conviction that the incorporation of the corpuscular theory into seventeenth-century chemistry was the beginning of modern chemistry. My thesis in this paper is that modern chemisty started with the concept of the chemicl compound, which emerged at the end of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century, without any signifivant influence of the corpuscular theory. Rather the historical reconstruction of the emergence of this concept shows that it resulted from the reflection (...) on the chemical operations in the sixteenth-century metallurgy and seventeenth-century pharmacy. I argue that the reversibility of these operations and their understanding as crafts (metallurgy) or chemical arts (pharmacy) were decisive factors for the emergence of the first ideas about chemical compounds in the seventeenth-century pharmaceutical works written by pharmaceutically trained authors, influenced by the Paracelsian image of nature. There is a direct line of descent from these authors to E.F.Geoffroy (1675–1742), who integrated the first scattered ideas of chemical compound into a general concept comprising chemical artefacts as well as natural bodies. (shrink)

En este artículo de investigación se muestra, que durante la fabricación de hierro, las escorias han sido una fuente información del producto obtenido. Esto aplica a toda la historia de la fabricación de este metal desde el inicio de la edad del hierro. Los estudios en este campo se conocen como arqueo de metalurgia y se inicia desde la paleo metalurgia hasta el presente. Las escorias primitivas obtenidas a partir de su separación de la masa de hierro sólida obtenidas en (...) procesos muy primitivos y más modernas como la forja catalana. Estudios petrográficos, de difracción de rayos X y de fluorescencia de rayos x, han revelado la existencia fayalita, en escorias siderometalúrgicas antigüas a temperaturas por debajo del punto eutéctico,deducidas como entre 1150°C y 1200°C. Más recientemente, la presencia de fayalita ha sido revelada en procesos de reducción operando con temperaturas menores a los 900°C. En este documento se presenta una explicación para tal hecho mediante un análisis de las energías asociadas a los sistemas. Cerámicos compuestos de FeO- SiO2-MgO- P2O5 presentes en dichos procesos. Palabras Clave: Hornos de fundición, hierro, experimentos, escorias, análisis, fayalita. Referencias [1]S.Rovira., “Museo Arqueológico Nacional/Univ. Autónoma de Madrid”, Francisco Burillo. Experimentos de Fundición de Minerales de Hierro en la Ciudad-Estado Celtibérica de Segeda, 2004. [2]F.Gómez., “Minería y metalurgia en la antigüedad”. Trabajo Titular de Ciencia dos Materiais e Ingeniería Metalúrgica. Ferrol, Universidad de Coruña, 2006. [3]E.Ringdalen. “Parámetros de reacción del cuarzo en la producción del óxido de los materiales” Rev. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 2016, pp. 43-49. [4]M.Meyer. “Caracterización de fase y micro estructural de pellet de mineral de hierro y su relación con prueba de fuerza de trituración en frío”. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review An International Journal, 2016. [5]Z.Sheng. “Relación entre el óxido Férrico y el sistema Fe2O3-SiO2 Al2O3”, 2015. [6]D.Fuller. “Fenómenos de Sinterización de finos en proceso de reducción directa”. Puerto Ordaz,1965. [7]O.Dam. “Microfotografías de muestras de minerales Australiano y Venezolano procesados en el reactor wustitico, mostrando la presencia de fase Fayalita”, 1993. [8]Q.Odeta. “Study on Formation Mechanism of Fayalite by Solid State Reaction in Sintering Process”, 2017. (shrink)

Since its discovery in 1912, X-ray crystallography has become a most useful tool in physics, chemistry, material science, mineralogy, metallurgy, and even in the biological sciences. In 1914, Max von Laue was awarded the Nobel Prize “for the discovery of X-ray diffraction by crystals,” followed by the 1915 Nobel Prize to William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg “for their services in analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.” And these early Nobel prizes marked only the beginning of (...) X-ray crystallography as one of the most fruitful methods in the history of modern science. A 100 years after Laue’s Nobel Prize and 50 years after another Nobel Prize to Dorothy Hodgkin “for her determination by X-ray technique of the structures of important biochemical substances,” the UN proclaimed 2014 the International Year of Crystallography. “In all, 45 scientists have been awarded over the past century for work that is either directly or indirectly related to crystallo .. (shrink)

L’ingénieur civil est au cœur du processus d’innovation durant le xixe siècle. Ainsi, au fil du siècle, naissent des sociétés qui ambitionnent de construire et de promouvoir le savoir de ces ingénieurs d’industrie. La Société de l’industrie minérale souhaite dès sa création en 1854, participer à l’édification et à la diffusion de ce savoir. Son objectif prioritaire est de publier un bulletin dans lequel les ingénieurs civils travaillant pour les mines, la métallurgie et la construction mécanique exposent leurs recherches. Il (...) s’agit de publier des analyses issues des expérimentations effectuées au sein du monde industriel. Les contributeurs du Bulletin de la Société de l’industrie minérale sont donc de véritables expérimentateurs agissant au sein d’un collectif de recherche dirigé par la « minérale » et sa revue. (shrink)