El Papa y humanista Eneas Silvio Piccolomini (Pío II) es aquel autor medieval que más explícita e insistentemente se ha ocupado del problema de Europa, no sólo como entidad geográfica sino también política, religiosa y cultural. El artículo analiza los rasgos fundamentales de su concepción de Europa, en el horizonte de los grandes problemas de su tiempo. Por una parte la amenaza turca sobre Europa y por otra las transformaciones internas de Europa, tanto políticas como religiosas.

The landscape descriptions in the ‘Commentarii’ of Pius II represent a characteristic element of this autobiographical text. One might ask whether his depictions of nature stem from own experience and encounters, or whether the landscapes depict a fictitious and literary world and are thus a construct of a humanist whose text abounds with classical citations. The following article addresses this topic from two directions. On the one hand the Pope’s physical presence in the open landscape is verified through reference to (...) other sources; on the other hand his specific way of perceiving and describing nature is investigated. The letters of his entourage and the dispatches of diplomats do show that excursions took place as described by Pius, and that the journeys of this gout-ridden pope even into impassable areas convinced them of his love for nature. Pius’ companions affirm, often with a certain critical distance, his intimate bond with the landscape; they speak of picnics on the banks of a brook rather than in the neighbouring villa, of work-sessions in the forest instead of the palace, and of spectacular views from arduous mounted heights. All of this implied a logistical organization on the part of the courtiers, to which they were not accustomed. Pius’ description of views both near and far, and his desire to be in the midst of nature attest directly to a certain feeling characteristic of the early Italian Renaissance feeling, an epoch whose art too perceives landscape in a new form. (shrink)

L’article brosse un portrait de l’humanisme en Autriche au milieu du xv e siècle à travers l’analyse des lettres et des sermons, encore inédits, de Bernard de Kraiburg († 1477), évêque de Chiemsee, collaborateur de Nicolas de Cues et de Enea S. Piccolomini et détenteur d’une extraordinaire bibliothèque personnelle. La production de Bernard aide à comprendre la triangulation culturelle entre l’enseignement universitaire à Vienne (Thomas Ebendorfer), la tradition spirituelle bénédictine (Bernard de Waging) mise à l’épreuve par la réforme (...) de Melk (Jean Schlitpacher) et les débats issus dans les récents conciles à Constance et Bâle. Se dessine un humanisme autrichien, caractérisé par l’influence de l’humanisme padouen (en particulier de Pétrarque), par une tentative de retour à la théologie du xii e siècle et par une ouverture spirituelle au mysticisme. (shrink)

Als die Osmanen im 15. Jahrhundert immer weiter nach Europa vordrangen und die Christenheit eine militärische Niederlage nach der anderen kassierte, entwickelte seit dem Basler Konzil (1431-1449) eine Gruppe führender Philosophen, Humanisten und Theologen eine Alternative zu Krieg und Kreuzzügen: die friedliche Bekehrung der Muslime. Ein Netzwerk um Nikolaus von Kues, Heymericus de Campo, Johannes von Segovia, Enea Silvio Piccolomini und Georg von Trapezunt erarbeiteten mit- und gegeneinander höchst originelle philosophische und rhetorische Argumentationen. Beispielsweise erdachten sie Pläne (...) für eine Friedenskonferenz mit den Muslimen und versuchten, den Koran selbst gegen den Islam ins Feld zu führen, womit sie übrigens die Basis für die Islamstudien der Neuzeit legten. Dieses Buch handelt von einem spannenden propagandistischen Feldzug und gewährt neue Einblicke in Geschichte, Gedankenwelt und Islamrezeption des Spätmittelalters und der Renaissance. (shrink)

Die Entwicklung der Rationalität ist eine Erfolgsgeschichte. Denn die Rationalität war und ist der Motor der abendländischen Kultur und der Grund dafür, dass sie in der Neuzeit allen anderen Weltkulturen machtpolitisch überlegen ist. Zwischen dem 8. und 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr. formierte sich das logische Denken gleich auf mehreren Feldern: Durch die Erfindung der philosophischen Wissenschaft, die Geometrisierung des Raumes und der Schlachtordnung, die Berechnung der Zeit, durch die Geldwirtschaft und die neuen Organisationsformen des Politischen wurde Rationalität zum Synonym für (...) Fortschritt. Auch die Begriffe Freiheit und Demokratie gehören in diesen Zusammenhang. Silvio Vietta zeichnet diese Erfolgsgeschichte nach, beschreibt aber auch ihre Gefahren und Kurzschlüsse. In der Konsequenz entwickelt er eine : ndere9 aisthetisch rückgebundene und reflexive Rationalität, die uns aus den gegenwärtigen Krisen herausführen könnte. (shrink)

Este texto reflete sobre o memoricídio, consequente à presunção racial branca, como vestígio de operações para o genocídio dos corpos e das mentes negras a partir da Peleja de Inácio da Catingueira contra Romano. Sob o jogo discursivo da humilhação, já se encontrava a vontade brutal de destruição de qualquer traço, perspectiva, visão remanescente de saberes e culturas africanas ou descendentes, fossem de cunho material, simbólico, reflexivo, imagético, expressivo, na língua, no corpo. No embate, Inácio, negro, escravizado, já rebaixado sob (...) a égide do sistema escravocrata, embate-se contra a tentativa presunçosa de aniquilamento perpetrada por seu oponente. (shrink)

Heideggers Kritik am Nationalsozialismus ist vor allem ab 1963 greifbar in Vorträgen, Vorlesungen (zu Nietzsche) und den "Beiträgen zur Philosophie". Entgegen Thesen der jüngsten Heidegger-Kontroverse hat sich Heidegger nach einer Phase der falschen politischen Besetzung seiner Philosophie im Jahre 1933 vor allem ab 1936 von der Bewegung des Nationalsozialismus gelöst. Er begreift den Nationalsozialismus zunehmend klar als eine Erscheinungsform des Nihilismus, der "Seinsverlassenheit" und des Herrschaftsdenkens des reinen "Willens zur Macht". Dabei geht Heideggers subtile philosophische Kritik des Nationalsozialismus über in (...) eine Kritik der neuzeitlichen Technologie als einer sich fortsetzenden Form planetarischen Herrschaftsdenkens und der Ausbeutung der Erde durch den Menschen. (shrink)

This article suggests developing the concept of spiritual ecology into that of balanced spiritual ecosystems. Philosophies, theologies, education systems, political parties, and gender-based and ethnic identity politics need to be critiqued both from within and without so that they can finally contribute to the creation, maintenance and flourishing of balanced spiritual ecosystems.Contribution: Spiritual ecology is a concept on which converge different worldviews. This article recommends using balanced spiritual ecosystems, instead. The new concept could provoke further reflection on how our -ontologies (...) and communities co-exist and whether they do it organically and spiritually. This article befits HTS’s interest in ‘theology and nature’. (shrink)

Situations of conflict giving rise to social dilemmas are widespread in society and game theory is one major way in which they can be investigated. Starting from the observation that individuals in society interact through networks of acquaintances, we model the co-evolution of the agents’ strategies and of the social network itself using two prototypical games, the Prisoner’s Dilemma and the Stag-Hunt. Allowing agents to dismiss ties and establish new ones, we find that cooperation and coordination can be achieved through (...) the self-organization of the social network, a result that is nontrivial, especially in the Prisoner’s Dilemma case. The evolution and stability of cooperation implies the condensation of agents exploiting particular game strategies into strong and stable clusters which are more densely connected, even in the more difficult case of the Prisoner’s Dilemma. (shrink)

Most countries are facing the societal challenging need for a new quarantine period due to the increasing number of COVID-19 infections, indicating a second or even third wave of disease. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the surface existential issues that are typically less present in people's focal attention. The first aim of this study was to identify some of these existential struggles such as increased feelings of loneliness, death obsession, and preoccupation with God. Secondly, we explored the association of (...) these factors with the increased fear of coronavirus during the quarantine. Data was collected from 1,340 Romanian adults using a cross-sectional web-based survey design in the midst of the national lockdown period of COVID-19. Participants completed measures of COVID-19 related loneliness, death obsession, and preoccupation with God twice; first, thinking about the period before the pandemic, and second, for the current situation during the quarantine. Then, they completed a fear of COVID-19 measure. Participants perceived an increase in the feelings of loneliness, death obsession, and preoccupation with God during the confinement. Furthermore, gender, knowing someone diagnosed with COVID-19, loneliness, death obsession, and preoccupation with God predicted fear of COVID-19. Interestingly, days in isolation did not predict fear of COVID-19 nor were associated with feelings of loneliness. In line with existential positive psychology, these results highlight the importance of policies and interventions targeting the experience of loneliness, spiritual beliefs, and particularly those aimed to promote death acceptance, in order to alleviate intense fear of COVID-19. (shrink)

Die jüngst publizierten "Schwarzen Hefte" Heideggers und auch der Neufund des Heftes von 1945/46 machen deutlich: Heidegger entwickelt hier eine Theorie der Globalisierung. Diese führt er nicht auf eine jüdische Weltverschwörung zurück -- da wäre nur eine "Machenschaft" auf eine andere reduziert -- sondern auf die abendländische Kulturgeschichte selbst. Insbesondere der neuzeitliche Siegeszug des "rechnenden Denkens" habe eine Geschichte des Herrschaftsdenkens und des Expansionismus in Gang gesetzt. Darin sieht Heidegger ab 1934 das Dritte Reich wie auch den Bolschewismus und den (...) Kolonialismus Englands und der USA involviert. Heidegger setzt dem entfesselten Herrschaftsdenken auch nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg -- ihrer "Vernutzung der Erde" und "Verrechnung der Welt" -- die Lehre vom "andren Anfang" der Geschichte entgegen: eine Kulturpraxis der Schonung und Nachhaltigkeit. (shrink)

The pandemic period has placed the organizations in a state of great tension. It has generated a situation of confusion, lack of rules, and production-related criticalities that have called into question the very existence of many productive realities. This article aims to highlight the dimensions of care and ethics put in place by HR managers in COVID-19. The objective that animated the authors have focused on the HRM level of medium and large companies in Italy to highlight the protective actions (...) toward people and the organization in the period COVID 19, highlighting what were the ethical values and actions of care put in place. In this article, we wanted to give voice to managers who had management tasks in their organizations by asking them to tell us how they dealt with the challenges imposed by the emergency. In the research, we start from a way of understanding workplaces understood as a “process of ongoing social relationship” within which the HR function is dedicated to the care of the quality of relationships. HR managers have to manage a complex role of mediating between the interests of people and employers by trying to find good mediations. (shrink)

Vision is the main entrance for environmental input to the human brain. Even if vision is our most used sensory modality, its importance is not limited to environmental exploration. Rather it has strong links to motor competences, further extending to cognitive and social aspects of human life. These multifaceted relationships are particularly important in developmental age and become dramatically evident in presence of complex deficits originating from visual aberrancies. The present review summarizes the available neuropsychological evidence on the development of (...) visual competences, with a particular focus on the associated visuo-motor integration skills in health and disease. With the aim of supporting future research and interventional settings, the goal of the present review is to constitute a solid base to help the translation of neuropsychological hypotheses into straightforward empirical investigations and rehabilitation/training protocols. This approach will further increase the impact, ameliorate the acceptance, and ease the use and implementation of lab-derived intervention protocols in real-life situations. (shrink)

I propose to show in this paper how Bosanquet’s aesthetics, in certain of its aspects, conditions William Temple’s reflection on art — a reflection which occupies a central position in Temple’s “Christo-centric metaphysics,” and which finds expression particularly in Mens Creatrix. Bosanquet’s influence becomes still more evident if we compare Temple’s position with the philosophy of art which R.G. Collingwood delineated in the initial phase of his thought, above all in Speculum Mentis and Outlines of a Philosophy of Art.

O Argumento da Terra Gêmea Moral (ATGM) é o desafio semântico central para o Realismo Moral Naturalista (RMN). À fim de evitar tal problema, os defensores do RMN têm articulado uma série de réplicas ao ATGM. Neste artigo, abordo algumas dessas réplicas e defendo a tese de que elas não refutam o ATGM. Considero duas propostas em específico: o Argumento da Tradução, de D. Copp, e o Argumento do Fim da Investigação Moral, de A. Viggiano. Apresento essas objeções, mostro em (...) que sentido pretendem responder ao ATGM e argumento que cada uma delas é vulnerável a vários problemas. Concluo que os ataques de Copp e Viggiano ao ATGM devem ser recusados e que o desafio semântico ao RMN persiste. (shrink)

Abstract.Formal topologies are today an established topic in the development of constructive mathematics. One of the main tools in formal topology is inductive generation since it allows to introduce inductive methods in topology. The problem of inductively generating formal topologies with a cover relation and a unary positivity predicate has been solved in [CSSV]. However, to deal both with open and closed subsets, a binary positivity predicate has to be considered. In this paper we will show how to adapt to (...) this framework the method used to generate inductively formal topologies with a unary positivity predicate; the main problem that one has to face in such a new setting is that, as a consequence of the lack of a complete formalization, both the cover relation and the positivity predicate can have proper axioms. (shrink)

By using some classical reasoning we show that any countably presented formal topology, namely, a formal topology with a countable axiom set, is spatial.

This paper explores how some Italian HR managers narrate the changes imposed by the COVID-19 threat in the workplace. Events since December 2019 have presented exceptional circumstances to which HR managers have reacted in very different ways. This study explored how HR managers came to introduce organizational changes aimed at coping with the emergency, as well as how employees were involved in those organizational changes. The article is based on a thematic analysis of some interviews with Italian HR managers whose (...) companies decided to switch working from home on a massive scale. We wanted to offer some reflections on the actions taken by a few HR managers and Italian companies to keep working at a time when most workers were forced to respect the lockdown. (shrink)

We show that the variety of Heyting algebras has finitary unification type. We also show that the subvariety obtained by adding it De Morgan law is the biggest variety of Heyting algebras having unitary unification type. Proofs make essential use of suitable characterizations (both from the semantic and the syntactic side) of finitely presented projective algebras.

We prove a generalization of the hyper-game theorem by using an abstract version of inductively generated formal topology. As applications we show proofs for Cantor theorem, uncountability of the set of functions from N to N and Gödel theorem which use no diagonal argument.

We show that some common varieties of modal K4-algebras have finitary unification type, thus providing effective best solutions for equations in free algebras. Applications to admissible inference rules are immediate.

This article investigates how different philosophical traditions and schools of thought have understood the practice and the discipline of archery. Whereas the scholarly literature on the history, the techniques and the uses of bows and arrows is diverse and extensive, my aim is to contribute to the less developed research on the relationship between philosophy and archery. Specifically, I will explore in what terms philosophers have employed the bow as a metaphor for both their standpoints and, more generally, significant aspects (...) of everyday life. (shrink)