Reporting peers’ counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) is important for maintaining an ethical organization, but is a significant and potentially risky action. In Bandura’s Theory of Moral Thought and Action (Bandura, 1991) he states that such acts require significant moral agency, which is generated when an individual possesses adequate moral self-regulatory capacities to address the issue and is in a context that activates and reinforces those capacities. Guided by this theory, we assess moral potency (i.e., moral courage, moral efficacy, and moral (...) ownership) as key capacities predicting peer reporting intentions and assess three contextual factors influencing the generation and effects of moral potency: whether a potential informant (1) works for an ethical leader, (2) is embedded in a psychologically safe climate promoting interpersonal risk-taking, and (3) operates in a more normal or extreme context. We assess the proposed model across three field studies entailing both normal and extreme (i.e., firefighting units) contexts. Results show that ethical leaders raise employees’ moral potency, promoting greater willingness to report their peers’ CWBs. In normal work contexts, psychological safety positively moderated both the relationship between ethical leadership and moral potency and between moral potency and peer reporting intentions. However, psychological safety had the opposite effects in more extreme work contexts. Whereas psychological safety strengthens the positive association between moral potency and peer reporting intentions in normal work contexts, in contexts where individuals are more frequently exposed to extreme events, psychological safety weakens this relationship, thus highlighting the unforeseen downsides of psychological safety in extreme contexts. (shrink)

It is not uncommon for advertisers to present required product disclaimers quickly at the end of advertisements. We show that fast disclaimers greatly reduce consumer comprehension of product risks and benefits, creating implications for social responsibility. In addition, across two studies, we found that disclaimer speed and brand familiarity interact to predict brand trust and purchase intention, and that brand trust mediated the interactive effect of brand familiarity and disclaimer speed on purchase intention. Our results indicate that fast disclaimers actually (...) reduce brand trust and purchase intention for unfamiliar brands, suggesting that there are both economic and social responsibility reasons to use less rapid disclaimers for unfamiliar brands. Conversely, disclaimer speed had no negative effects on brand trust and purchase intention for highly familiar brands, presenting ethical tensions between economic interests (e.g., an efficient use of advertisement time) and social responsibility. We discuss the implications of our framework for advertising ethics, for corporate social performance, and for corporate social responsibility. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The recent study of African politics suggests that while African voters tend to be ambivalently positive about democratic reforms, they are even less supportive of market reforms. African states have, if anything, been ahead of their publics in instituting economic reforms. But African leaders have failed to explain or defend these policies to their electorates. This may reflect their own ambivalence—at best—about capitalism.

In this book, T. L. Short places the notorious difficulties of Peirce's important writings in a more productive light, arguing that he wrote philosophy as a scientist, by framing conjectures intended to be refined or superseded in the inquiries they initiate. He argues also that Peirce held that the methods and metaphysics of modern science are amended as inquiry progresses, making metaphysics a branch of empirical knowledge. Additionally, Short shows that Peirce's scientific work expanded empiricism on empirical grounds, grounding his (...) phenomenology and subverting the fact/value dichotomy, and that he understood statistical explanations in nineteenth-century science as reintroducing the idea of final causation, now made empirical. Those innovations underlie Peirce's late ideas of a normative science and of philosophy as a branch of science. Short's rich and original study shows us how to read Peirce's writings and why they are worth reading. (shrink)

We read with interest Lanphier and Anani’s manuscript on trauma-informed ethics consultation. Their model rightly integrates trauma-informed principles within the ethics c...

The increasing use of pharmacotherapy raises specific ethical concerns for psychologists working with vulnerable populations. Due to a shortage of trained specialists, professionals without training in mental health, such as primary care providers, are increasingly prescribing and monitoring psychotropic medications. Vulnerable populations face additional barriers to mental health treatment and are at heightened risk when these factors intersect. Hence, these patients experience unique barriers to receiving optimal psychopharmacological care and are differentially vulnerable to deleterious outcomes associated with misdiagnosis and overmedication. (...) Taken together, these factors fuel inequities in the access, quality, and utilization of mental health care. Psychologists working with these patients are ethically mandated to protect patients from harm and ensure equitable care across patient populations. Specifically, psychologists must respond to the dilemma of how to effectively treat patients within these vulnerable populations who have been misdiagnosed or poorly medicated while remaining within the bounds of their competence. This article recommends pathways to address these dilemmas through education, training, research, and advocacy. (shrink)

When forced treatment in mental health care is under consideration, two approaches guide clinicians in their actions: the dominant rights-based approach and the relational ethical approach. We hypothesized that nurses with bachelor's degrees differentiate better between the two approaches than nurses without a degree. To test this hypothesis a survey was performed in major Slovenian health institutions. We found that nurses emphasize the importance of ethics and personal values, but 55.4% of all the nurse participants confused the two approaches. The (...) results confirmed our hypothesis and indicate the importance of nurses' formal education, especially when caring for patients with mental illness. (shrink)

Politische Theologie erlebt derzeit ein Revival: Nachdem es eine längere Zeit lang still um die Politische Theologie geworden war, erfreut sie sich - nicht zuletzt angesichts multipler Krisenerscheinungen - aktuell wieder eines wachsenden Interesses. Aber was ist,,Politische Theologie" eigentlich? Die Einführung bietet eine begriffsgeschichtliche Orientierung und systematische Einordnung dieses schillernden Begriffs, eine vertiefende Auseinandersetzung mit den Politischen Theologien des Staatsrechtlers Carl Schmitt und des katholischen Theologen Johann Baptist Metz sowie eine Reflexion ausgewählter gegenwärtiger Diskussionsbeiträge in der deutschsprachigen katholischen Theologie. Das (...) Buch verdeutlicht die ungebrochene Aktualität und Relevanz fundierter wissenschaftlicher und öffentlicher Auseinandersetzungen mit der Politischen Theologie. Der Inhalt Politische Theologie - Begriff und Geschichte Politische Politische Theologie (Carl Schmitt) Theologische Politische Theologie (Johann B. Metz) Gegenwart theologischer Politischer Theologie Die Zielgruppen Studierende und Dozierende der Theologie, Philosophie, Sozial- und Politikwissenschaften Interessiertes Fachpublikum Die Autoren Jan Niklas Collet ist Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Institut für Katholische Theologie der TU Dortmund (Systematische Theologie). Dr. Jan-Hendrik Herbst ist Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Institut für Katholische Theologie der TU Dortmund (Religionspädagogik). (shrink)

Hospital-dependent patients are individuals who are repeatedly readmitted to the hospital because their acute medical needs cannot be met elsewhere. Unlike the chronically critically ill, these patients do not have a continuous need for life-sustaining equipment and can experience periods of relative stability where they have a good quality of life. However, some end up spending months or even years in the hospital receiving resource-intensive care because they are unable to be safely discharged, despite an initial optimistic prognosis. It is (...) hard to reliably identify these patients on admission and more research is needed to better understand the unique medical needs of this population. But the inability to safely discharge these patients to their home or to a skilled nursing facility without rapid readmissions also creates ethical implications for the physicians who care for them. The aim of this paper is to clarify some of the ethical considerations involved in caring for hospital-dependent patients. Among physicians, the care of hospital-dependent patients is likely to disproportionately affect hospitalists and intensivists, whose care is often evaluated in terms of reducing patient length of stay and readmissions. Because hospital-dependent patients’ medical needs thwart the traditional goal of safe discharge, both clinical ethics and physicians’ professional obligations are implicated by their care. The inability to reliably identify these patients early can complicate discussions about treatment goals and informed consent. Similarly, the tremendous dedication of limited resources to these patients without safe discharge back to the community may raise concerns about the just allocation of healthcare resources. Our current acute care hospitals are not designed to provide long-term care for hospital-dependent patients. Unfortunately, safe discharge options remain elusive for these patients. Further research and support of this population is needed to more reliably identify hospital-dependent patients on admission, better inform the discussions of short- and long-term treatment goals, and more wisely allocate resources both within our acute care hospitals and larger healthcare system. (shrink)

Background Hospital-dependent patients are individuals who are repeatedly readmitted to the hospital because their acute medical needs cannot be met elsewhere. Unlike the chronically critically ill, these patients do not have a continuous need for life-sustaining equipment and can experience periods of relative stability where they have a good quality of life. However, some end up spending months or even years in the hospital receiving resource-intensive care because they are unable to be safely discharged, despite an initial optimistic prognosis. It (...) is hard to reliably identify these patients on admission and more research is needed to better understand the unique medical needs of this population. But the inability to safely discharge these patients to their home or to a skilled nursing facility without rapid readmissions also creates ethical implications for the physicians who care for them. The aim of this paper is to clarify some of the ethical considerations involved in caring for hospital-dependent patients. Main body Among physicians, the care of hospital-dependent patients is likely to disproportionately affect hospitalists and intensivists, whose care is often evaluated in terms of reducing patient length of stay and readmissions. Because hospital-dependent patients’ medical needs thwart the traditional goal of safe discharge, both clinical ethics and physicians’ professional obligations are implicated by their care. The inability to reliably identify these patients early can complicate discussions about treatment goals and informed consent. Similarly, the tremendous dedication of limited resources to these patients without safe discharge back to the community may raise concerns about the just allocation of healthcare resources. Conclusion Our current acute care hospitals are not designed to provide long-term care for hospital-dependent patients. Unfortunately, safe discharge options remain elusive for these patients. Further research and support of this population is needed to more reliably identify hospital-dependent patients on admission, better inform the discussions of short- and long-term treatment goals, and more wisely allocate resources both within our acute care hospitals and larger healthcare system. (shrink)

Multidrug resistant organisms are a public health threat that have reduced the effectiveness of many available antibiotics. Antimicrobial stewardship programs have been tasked with reducing antibiotic use and therefore the emergence of MDROs. While fecal microbiota transplant has been proposed as therapy to reduce patient colonization of MDROs, this will require additional evidence to support an expansion of the current clinical indication for FMT. This article discusses the evidence and ethics of the expanded utilization of FMT by ASPs for reasons (...) other than severe recurrent or refractory Clostridioides difficile infection. (shrink)

Melanie presented at twenty weeks of gestation to an obstetrics clinic in a critical access hospital in rural Vermont. She was excited to undergo routine fetal ultrasonography, but her obstetrician gave her grave news: the ultrasound revealed hypoplastic left heart syndrome, a devastating congenital heart defect. Initially, Melanie agreed in general to pursue surgical care for her fetus—a three‐stage process that has somewhat uncertain results and could only be done in tertiary care facilities far from her home in Vermont. A (...) week later, while the maternal fetal medicine and pediatric cardiology units made arrangements with colleagues in Boston, Melanie began having second thoughts. An ethics meeting was called to discuss conflicting clinician reactions to Melanie's dilemma. Most of the clinicians were stunned that the patient would change her mind. What advice should the ethics consultant offer the team about caring for Melanie? (shrink)

A Greek English Lexicon of the New Testament, being Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti. Translated, Revised and Enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer, D.D., Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation in the Divinity School of Harvard University. Edinburgh, T. and T. Clark. 1886. 4to. pp. 726. 36s.Biblico Theological Lexicon to New Testament Greek. by Hermann Cremer, D.D., Professor of Theology in the University of Greifswald. Third English Edition. With Supplement. Translated from the latest German Edition by William Uewick, M.A. (...) Edinburgh, T. and T. Clark. 1886. 4to. pp. 943. 38s. (shrink)

Presidential rhetoric can matter immensely in moments of national crisis, and even during times of less melodrama. But the possibilities for rhetorical impact are slipping away from American presidents. In light of the multiplication of presidential spokespeople, commentators, on‐line editors, and audiences, and the relative intimacy of other personalities viewed by those audiences, one might posit that “presidential speech,” as described and analyzed by Tulis, is hurtling toward its demise. Tulis’s important thesis may therefore need some serious updating.

In their target article, Doernberg and Truog (2023) correctly recognize that the doctor-patient relationship is considered a “fiduciary” relationship (i.e., other-regarding rather than self-interes...

With an overview of the most important scientific innovations in 17th century Europe as a background, the focus is on the field of astronomy and its distinction from astrology. The essays collected in this volume are situated within this development of the early modern period.

Religiöse Bildung findet in einem krisenhaften Umfeld statt, das religionspädagogisch etablierte Konzepte fundamental herausfordert. Unter Rückgriff auf fachgeschichtliche Ressourcen und aktuelle Debatten in den Bezugsdisziplinen der Religionspädagogik werden die Probleme, Potenziale und Perspektiven einer kritisch-emanzipatorischen Religionspädagogik diskutiert. Besonders die religionspädagogische Reformdekade um 1968 gerät so in den Blick, weil in dieser der soziopolitische Kontext religiöser Bildung besonders intensiv reflektiert wurde.

Im Beitrag wird Johannes Drerups pädagogischer Ansatz zum Umgang mit kontroversen Themen im schulischen Unterricht kritisch diskutiert. Aus einer religionspädagogischen Perspektive werden dabei vor allem Leerstellen problematisiert und nicht die Stärken von Drerups Konzeption fokussiert. Moniert werden vor diesem Hintergrund vorwiegend zwei Punkte: Drerups theoretischem Zugriff fehlt ein systematischer Ort für eine gesellschaftliche Kontextanalyse, da er eine gesellschaftstheoretische Modellierung und empirische Spezifizierung der sozialen Verhältnisse im Vagen belässt (1). Dies führt auch dazu, dass die Eigenlogik des Phänomens Religion nicht adäquat (...) berücksichtigt wird. Vielmehr scheint Religion allein in der Perspektive der Extremismusprävention sichtbar zu werden. Darüber hinaus tendiert Drerups Ansatz dazu, den diskursiven Status quo zu verdoppeln und grundlegende Veränderungsperspektiven auszuschließen (2). Dies zeigt sich besonders an Drerups Kriterienkatalog für kontroverse Themen, etwa an der fehlenden Spezifität des politischen Kriteriums. Auch unterrichtspraktische Herausforderungen wie die Frage nach der Möglichkeit von politischen Aktionen werden ausgeklammert, obwohl sie im Zusammenhang mit dem Beutelsbacher Konsens selbst kontrovers in der Politikdidaktik und anderen Fachdidaktiken diskutiert werden. (shrink)

Volume 25, Issue 5, August 2020, Page 595-599.

Der Mathematiker Erhard Weigel (1625-1699) gilt bisher als einer der bedeutendsten deutschen Vertreter der sog. "Fruehaufklärung". Dieser Band hinterfragt nun diesen traditionellen und deshalb allzu bequemen philosophiegeschichtlichen Begriff nach seiner Erklärungsfunktion innerhalb der modernen Wissenschaftsgeschichte. In komparatistischer Sicht auf die deutsche Universitätslandschaft nehmen die Beiträger den institutionellen Rahmen und seine konkreten Auswirkungen auf den Lehrbetrieb in den Blick, um die Bedingungen des damaligen Wissenschaftsverständnisses und seiner Entwicklungsrichtungen zu untersuchen. Im Fokus stehen die Verwandlungen der aristotelischen Basis des Wissenschaftsverständnisses und was (...) sich damalige Universitätslehrer als Autoren explizit (z.B. in Form wissenschaftstheoretischer Schriften und Lehrbuecher) oder implizit (z.B. in Form der von ihnen praktizierten Wissenschaft) unter Wissenschaft vorgestellt und ihrem gelehrten Publikum vermittelt haben. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Bonaventure's Commentary on the Gospel of John, written between 1254 and 1257, provides the reader with an analysis of each verse of the Johannine text, usually in the classic questio mode common to Scholasticism beginning with exposition, question/objection and followed by a fuller exposition contained in the rebuttal. In this respect, it seeks to explain the Gospel according to contemporary Scholastic exegetical norms, relying heavily on Patristic and Medieval (...) predecessors who are liberally quoted. It is one of many biblical commentaries written by Bonaventure and, in a superficial way, functioned as an academic exercise expected of a Master at the University of Paris. It is also a "working document" aimed at the conversion of the reader and intended as an aid to preaching, and this is accomplished through an exposition of Christological doctrine.Bonaventure was also a member, later General Minister, of the Order of Friars Minor and, as such, the Commentary on John combines the Scholastic and Franciscan worlds in which Bonaventure lived in a complementary way as the exposition of Christology is applied to the praxis of conversion and Bonaventure reveals an itinerarium, both Scholastic and Franciscan, within the over-arching, and equally compatible, Christological context of the Fourth Gospel. The juxtaposition of the Scholastic and Franciscan worlds could also be problematic. The problem, if indeed it really is a problem and not simply an invitation to an ever-enriched understanding, is exacerbated when considering Bonaventure as an interpreter of Francis or a master in his own right of the exposition of the Franciscan way. There is nothing new in this. Bonaventure was controversial in his own time and remains so today. Consideration of Bonaventure as an interpreter of the Franciscan vita presupposes an important question: Is it possible to translate the intuitive vision of the founder into the formal academic language of the Scholastics? The answer to the question, though crucial, remains the subject of debate. It must be acknowledged that a vast chasm exists between the rustic world-view of Francis of Assisi and the sophisticated Parisian milieu of Bonaventure. This was apparent from the inception of the Franciscan project, and was keenly felt in Bonaventure's own time. Certainly it is safe to say that Bonaventure's intent is to synthesize, perhaps also to reconcile, the often polarized dialectic present in the relationship of the Franciscan movement of grassroots, intuitive spirituality and the formalized theology of Paris. The Commentary is well suited to this task. Beginning with the Christological suppositions that form the basis of both the Franciscan vita and the core of Scholastic theology, one finds the itinerarium of conversion described by the Fourth Gospel itself quite capable of providing a framework within which the Scholastic and Franciscan concerns can meet, mingle and – hopefully – enrich one another.The Gospel of John is also, fundamentally, aimed at the conversion of the reader and this is described as a process comprised of three stages: one sees Jesus, but it is by no means certain what exactly is being perceived. He is the carpenter from Nazareth, a miracle worker and, by his own testimony, the "One sent from heaven." Two separate roads lie before the observer – to perceive the divine esse in the carpenter from Nazareth, or to refute that supposition and name Jesus a charlatan. The course of the Fourth Gospel follows parallel accounts of various characters as they traverse each of these roads. For those on the path of conversion, the second stage is summed up in "believing." This is not construed, either in the Gospel or by Bonaventure, as blind faith. Rather it is an informed process of understanding as the believer comes to grasp who Jesus is and, in doing so, what he came to do. In this respect, the Johannine formula matches the Scholastic endeavor, which aimed at the reclamation of pre-lapsarian knowledge and, in Bonaventure's usage, is found.. (shrink)

The European Legacy, Volume 17, Issue 2, Page 245-248, April 2012.

The nature and impact of authority have been central to social theory since antiquity, and most students of politics, culture and organizations have – in one manner or another – visited the topic. Theorists recognize that the exercise of authority is conditioned by the environment, but their work has not always integrated fundamental changes in communication infrastructure, and in particular the diffusion of mass media. With the daily evolution of telecommunications, this is a good historical moment to re-evaluate the notion (...) of authority. My goal is to assess ways to both preserve extraordinarily useful categories from the past, and at the same time, make those typologies more sensitive to contemporary mediated communication. Here I synthesize American research on media and political communication with recent theoretical approaches to authority, expanding current views of coercion and submission. (shrink)