Introduction: Traditionally, empathy has been studied from two main perspectives: the theory-theory approach and the simulation theory approach. These theories claim that social emotions are fundamentally constituted by mind states in the brain. In contrast, classical phenomenology and recent research based on enactive theories consider empathy as the basic process of contacting others’ emotional experiences through direct bodily perception and sensation. Objective: This study aims to enrich knowledge of the empathic experience of pain by using an experimental phenomenological method. Method: (...) Implementing an experimental paradigm used in affective neuroscience, we exposed 28 healthy adults to a video of sportspersons suffering physical accidents while practicing extreme sports. Immediately after watching the video, each participant underwent a phenomenological interview to gather data on embodied, multi-layered dimensions (bodily sensations, emotions, and motivations) and temporal aspects of empathic experience. We also performed quantitative analyses of the phenomenological categories. Results: Experiential access to the other person’s painful experience involves four main-themes. Bodily resonance: participants felt a multiplicity of bodily, affective, and kinesthetic sensations. Attentional focus: some participants centered their attention more on their own personal discomfort and sensations of rejection, while others on the pain and suffering experienced by the sportspersons. Kinesthetic motivation: some participants experienced the feeling in their bodies to avoid or escape from watching the video, while others experienced the need to help the sportspersons avoid suffering any injury while practicing extreme sports. Temporality of experience: participants witnessed temporal fluctuations in their experiences, bringing intensity changes in their bodily resonance, attentional focus, and kinesthetic motivation. Finally, two experiential structures were found: one structure is self-centered empathic experience, characterized by bodily resonance, attentional focus centered on the participant’s own experience of seeing the sportsperson suffering, and self-protective kinesthetic motivation; the other structure is other-centered empathic experience, characterized by bodily resonance, attentional focus centered on the sportsperson, and prosocial kinesthetic motivation to help them. Discussion: We show how phenomenological data may contribute to comprehending empathy for pain in social neuroscience. In addition, we address the phenomenological aspect of the enactive approach to the three dimensions of embodiment of human consciousness, especially the intersubjective dimension. Also, based on our results, we suggest an extension of the enactive theory for non-interactive social experience. (shrink)

Este artículo presenta una genealogía de los feminismos de mujeres de Abya Yala en Barcelona en los últimos veinte años, principalmente abordando el surgimiento y el asentamiento de las luchas antirracistas y decoloniales de estas mujeres. Para ello, se caracterizan las dinámicas de los feminismos en Barcelona durante los primeros años de activismo de las mujeres feministas de Abya Yala -primera década del 2000-, se identifica el proceso de fortalecimiento del feminismo antirracista y decolonial de mujeres de Abya Yala en (...) Barcelona, y, por último, se indaga en el panorama actual del feminismo antirracista y decolonial de estas mujeres en Barcelona. (shrink)

Negotiation and deliberation are two context types or genres of discourse widely studied in the argumentation literature. Within the pragma-dialectical framework, they have been characterised in terms of the conventions constraining the use of argumentative discourse in each of them. Thanks to these descriptions, it has become possible to analyse the arguers’ strategic manoeuvres and carry out more systematic, context-sensitive evaluations of argumentative discussions. However, one issue that still must be addressed in the pragma-dialectical theory—and other contextual approaches to argumentation—is (...) how to distinguish negotiation and deliberation in practice. In this paper, I seek to develop criteria that can help the analyst identify them in discourse. To this end, I characterise the felicity conditions of the superordinate speech acts defining and structuring deliberation and negotiation encounters. (shrink)

Abstract:In this paper I focus on parasitic cases of exploitation in the case of UBI. I start by arguing that existing concepts of parasitic exploitation in the literature are over inclusive, since they label as cases of parasitic exploitation some cases that are not. Then I offer my own narrower framework of parasitic exploitation, which includes three conditions: built-in mechanisms, structural vulnerability and non-proportionality. I suggest that exploitation happens when agents misuse a system to obtain additional profit at the potential (...) expense of the weak party. This profit is additional compared to a counterfactual scenario in which the systemic vulnerability was not present. I argue that while some cases of parasitic exploitation may arise in the case of UBI, these cases are likely to be weak, and hence, absence of regulation of this system can be justified on the grounds that this would prevent stronger types of exploitation and domination.Key words: Universal Basic Income; parasitic exploitation; transactional exploitation; domination; misusing a system; free-rider. (shrink)

The target article “Bounded Justice, Inclusion, and the Hyper/Invisibility of Race in Precision Medicine” is a welcome addition to the corpus on inclusion in genomics and precision medicine (Ferrym...

RESUMEN: El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en materia de movilidad humana bajo la óptica de la doctrina filosófica del cosmopolitismo. A partir del desarrollo de las principales características de esta doctrina en relación a la migración (tensión entre nacionalidad, ciudadanía y derechos, así como las perspectivas actuales de solidaridad global), se sostendrá que la jurisprudencia interamericana tiende hacia al cosmopolitismo.ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to analyze the jurisprudence (...) of the Inter - American Court of Human Rights in the field of human mobility from the perspective of the philosophical doctrine of cosmopolitanism. From the development of the main characteristics of this doctrine in relation to migration (conflict between nationality, citizenship and rights, as well as current perspectives of global solidarity), it will be argued that inter-American jurisprudence tends toward cosmopolitanism.PALABRAS CLAVE: cosmopolitismo, ciudadanía, migración, Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.KEYWORDS: cosmopolitanism, citizenship, migration, Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (shrink)

Rodrigo Olavarría’s notebooks, formulated as intimate diaries or notebooks, have a similar structure: a romantic breakup, a journey moved by grief and the reference to love as an excuse that fades among thousands of readings through which the artist’s identity and stance are revealed. He sacrifices himself for his exercise and he lives connected to the present of his daily life. However, he is capable of exceeding the isolation of writing where the self faces itself and attempts to cling to (...) the past, memory and the environment. His sacrifice turns him into a stoic, a slave, a fighter. Such archetypes, and his pilgrimage, arethe starting point of the political reading approach proposed in this article. (shrink)

Presentamos un análisis de los protocolos de escribanos de la ciudad de Córdoba en el último cuarto del siglo XVI para reconocer las posibilidades y límites que presentan para el estudio de las movilidades de personas y bienes desde y hacia la jurisdicción en cuestión. El estudio se centra en los aspectos metodológicos del estudio de este tipo de documentación y busca destacar el valor de las escrituras públicas, en tanto fuentes seriables, para la historia social y económica a escala (...) local como regional y/o global. (shrink)

El objetivo del presente trabajo es indagar la naturaleza integradora de la biología evolutiva del desarrollo. En particular analizamos las características temporales de los procesos estudiados por diferentes programas de investigación de evo-devo y las comparamos con aquellas propias de los procesos macroevolutivos, microevolutivos y del desarrollo de los organismos. Encontramos que en los principales programas de investigación de evo-devo se recuperan principalmente características propias de los fenómenos macroevolutivos, mientras que en la sub-área de eco-evo-devo se recuperan principalmente características propias (...) de la microevolución.The aim of this study is to investigate the integrative nature of evolutionary developmental biology. We particularly analyzed the temporal characteristics of the processes studied by different research programs of evo-devo and we compared them with those of macroevolution, microevolution and developmentalprocesses of organisms. We found that in the major research programs of evo-devo, macroevolutionary phenomena characteristics are mainly recovered, while in the sub-area of eco-evo-devo microevolutionary characteristics are mainly recovered. (shrink)

En este trabajo exploro el alcance de la contribución de la filosofía de Alain Badiou al debate acerca de los límites del constructivismo. Expongo la crítica badiouana a la soberanía de la lengua entendida como la posición filosófica que adjudica primacía al lenguaje sobre el ser. Muestro a continuación la articulación de dicha crítica con el cuestionamiento al constructivismo desarrollado en El ser y el acontecimiento [1988] para establecer el alcance de la orientación de un pensamiento genérico en la producción (...) de un concepto de lo indiscernible. Sostengo que en el marco de la empresa badiouana, la crítica del constructivismo se conecta con la crítica a la soberanía de la lengua en el carácter restrictivo del errar del ser y que en una orientación genérica del pensamiento es decisiva la elaboración de un concepto de lo indiscernible. (shrink)

In recent years, Rosi Braidotti has proposed to explore the “intersectionality” of natural, social and technological determinations in order to provide a non-dualistic theoretical framework for what she defines as the “critical posthumanities.” In this paper, I polemically engage with Braidotti’s theoretical project by reconstructing the methodological principle through which she endeavors to disentangle the dualisms presupposed by anthropocentrism and humanism. I will argue that the upshot of this methodological procedure is a hypostatization of subjective structures into reality which in (...) turn facilitates an ontological transposition of the political concept of inclusiveness. In highlighting the formal procedure of inclusion by which the posthuman subject conceptualizes difference, this article provides a set of objections to Braidotti’s methodology by evaluating it in terms of the Marxian critique of speculative abstractions. (shrink)

Vera Zasulich’s shooting of Trepov, a governor of St Petersburg who had ordered the flogging of a political prisoner, in January 1878, catapulted her to international fame as a revolutionary heroine, a reputation that she put to good use by becoming one of the five ‘founding parents’ of Russian Marxism that created the ‘Group for the Emancipation of Labour’ in 1883. But her act of self-sacrifice also triggered, to her dismay, the institutionalisation of individual terrorist tactics in the Russian Populist (...) movement with the creation of the ‘People’s Will’ (Narodnaya Volya) Party in 1879. The organisation went into decline after the killing of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, and Populism itself was increasingly superseded by Marxism as the hegemonic force on the left with the rise of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). But individual terrorist tactics reappeared with the creation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1902, prompting Zasulich to write an article for Die neue Zeit, the theoretical organ of German Social Democracy, in which she both condemned the Neo-Populist tendency as deleterious to the rising labour movement and supported the organisational plans for the RSDLP sponsored by the Iskra group, developed at length by Lenin in his book What Is to Be Done?, published in March 1902. This article provides the background to Vera Zasulich’s article ‘The Terrorist Tendency in Russia’ (December 1902), setting it against the history of the Russian revolutionary movement from 1878 to 1902. (shrink)

This work focuses on the reading and analysis of the work of Nicholas Machiavelli made by the Argentinian historian José Luis Romero in several of his historical and historiographical writings. It attends, particularly, to the assessment that Romero has made of the famous Florentine thinker as historian. From this perspective, it will be studied the impact of the Machiavellian work on the thought and intellectual work of the Argentinian academician. This work seeks to show that Machiavelli was, for the aforementioned (...) author of the 20th Century, a source of inspiration, a master in the analysis of “the real reality” and an example of commitment to public affairs. However, Machiavelli's work entailed a strong warning for him: there must be proper balance between academic rigor and political com­mitment, between the historian's own claim to truth and the citizen's ideological position. (shrink)

Abstract:This article unveils the gendered, racialized, and silent sexual dimensions at play in the criminalization of Milagro Sala, the charismatic and controversial female indigenous leader of the Organización Barrial Tupac Amaru in Argentina. It argues this organization was able to contest narrow definitions of women's welfare used in local state bureaucracies in terms of certain redistribution and recognition, while fostering complex and controversial state-movement relations in terms of transparency and accountability. In important ways, Tupac Amaru politicized the “undeserving poor.” Women (...) who did not conform to the moral prescriptions that patrol the conduct of poor women were the backbone and the leadership of the organization. Drawing on interviews, fieldwork materials, and documents gathered between 2009 and 2017, this paper shows that the main problems created by the criminalization of the organization were not only the arbitrary detention of Sala. Equally significant, the criminalization also brought about sudden negative changes in poor women and LGBT popular sectors' living conditions, employment opportunities, and access to health care, alongside the overall erosion of minimal gains in social and economic rights. It ultimately undermined the legitimacy of rights-based demands of popular and indigenous sectors in a multi-ethnic society. (shrink)

Este trabajo se centra en la construcción badiouana de la dialéctica y su politicidad durante los llamados “años rojos” (1966-1976). Procuro destacar el carácter político de la dialéctica a partir de una doble hipótesis. En primer lugar, sostendré que la construcción badiouana de la dialéctica otorga una respuesta inmanente y localista al problema de la relación entre la estructura y la historia. En este sentido, organizaré la respuesta de Badiou a dicha problemática a partir de su adopción del principio de (...) la escisión en Teoría del sujeto [1982], para mostrar en qué medida dicha respuesta condensa una serie de desplazamientos inherentes a la dialéctica estructural y la dialéctica histórica en la teoría del sujeto. La segunda hipótesis que desarrollaré es que la propuesta de Badiou permanece en un plano politizante que a su vez restringe la discusión estratégico-política a un ámbito especulativo. Argumentaré que la dialéctica badiouana elabora la relación entre estructura e historia a favor de una subjetividad militante afirmativa, que sería complementada de manera provechosa por un intercambio con la historia efectiva y por un estudio de las luchas emancipadoras. (shrink)

Resumen En el siguiente trabajo exploraré la hipótesis de que la posición singular de Alain Badiou con respecto al problema de lo uno y lo múltiple se basa en la definición del vacío como nombre propio del ser. Propongo que la excepcionalidad del vacío en el proyecto de Badiou posibilita la vinculación del múltiple inconsistente con el texto matemático. En este sentido y una vez que se acepta la comunidad entre matemáticas y ontología, considero el relevo de la filosofía de (...) la enunciación de un discurso acerca del ser como un movimiento que empuja la tarea filosófica hacia un afuera que la constituye como tal: sus condiciones no filosóficas y las verdades que allí figuran.In the following, I explore the idea that Alain Badiou’s singular position regarding the problem of the one and the multiple is inseparable from the definition of void as the name of being. I propose that the concept of void links the inconsistent multiple with mathematics qua ontology in Badiou’s philosophical project. In this sense, I consider the assertion that mathematics is ontology to analyze the movement in which philosophy abandons the task of producing truths to focus on its non-philosophical conditions and the truths generated in truth processes. (shrink)

La idea de que el cuerpo (σῶμα) es una tumba (σῆμα) donde el alma permanece encerrada cumpliendo un castigo por una antigua culpa es transmitida por Platón, quien la atribuye a los órficos. Filón de Alejandría utilizó en diversos pasajes de su obra esta metáfora de procedencia órfica. Nuestro interés consiste en analizar el sentido que Filón le asigna y el modo en que reelabora el significado que le fue asignado en la tradición órfica y en la interpretación platónica. Intentaremos (...) mostrar que Filón utiliza la metáfora de dos maneras distintas que manifiestan la fuerte ambivalencia existente en su pensamiento respecto de la valoración del cuerpo humano. The idea that the body (σῶμα) is a tomb (σῆμα) where the soul remains confined as a punishment for an ancient fault is transmitted by Plato, who attributes it to the orphics. Philo of Alexandria made use of this metaphor of orphic origin in various passages of his work. Our interest is to analyze the sense that Philo assigns to it and the way in which he reelaborates the meaning that was ascribed to it in orphic tradition and in the platonic interpretation. We will try to demonstrate that Philo uses the metaphor in two different ways that show the strong ambivalence existing in his thought with respect to the value of the human body. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo especificamos el tratamiento que Ernesto Laclau y Chantal Mouffe ofrecen del concepto práctica articulatoria en Hegemonía y Estrategia Socialista a partir de una relectura de la tópica marxista. Para esto, partimos de que la contradicción señalada en Hegemonía y Estrategia Socialista entre la determinación en última instancia y el concepto de sobredeterminación se presenta en el momento en el cual se identifica práctica articulatoria con articulación discursiva. En este sentido, pretendemos insertar el concepto de práctica en (...) la metáfora tópica, siguiendo la formulación propuesta por Louis Althusser. Se ha señalado reiteradamente que el abandono de Laclau y Mouffe de la tradición marxista implica una concepción que reduce lo social al discurso. En este trabajo nos interesa explorar la hipótesis según la cual este movimiento lleva implícita una salida de la tópica en la cual una práctica tiene primacía sobre del conjunto de las prácticas sociales. (shrink)

Reseña de "Punto de inflexión: Crisis climática y ecológica” de Pamela Poo.

El presente artículo propone explorar la tesis heideggeriana respecto a cómo en el supremo peligro que supone la época de la esencia de la técnica moderna, tomada como “Lo- Dispuesto” [Gestell], encontramos también “lo salvador”. Para ello, se ha dividido el análisis en dos partes. En primer lugar, se esboza una caracterización de la época de la esencia de la técnica moderna, que observa tanto la relación que tenemos con todo ente, como el conocimiento que surge a partir de ella, (...) lo cual es ya un modo de develarse propio del Ser. En segundo lugar, se analiza la estrecha vinculación entre la Τέχνη griega y el concepto de verdad en cuanto αλήθεια (desocultamiento), para posteriormente explorar, a través del análisis de una escultura chilena llamada “Recurso Humano”, el desocultamiento propio del arte frente al desocultamiento de la esencia de la técnica moderna tomada como Gestell. Palabras clave: Heidegger - Gestell - Arte - Verdad - Técnica. (shrink)

Context: The integration of data measured in first- and third-person frameworks is a challenge that becomes more prominent as we attempt to refine the ties between the dimensions we assume to be objective and our experience itself. As a result, cognitive science has been a target for criticism from the epistemological and methodological point of view, which has resulted in the emergence of new approaches. Neurophenomenology has been proposed as a means to address these limitations. The methodological application of this (...) discipline, even in its mildest form, enriches the methodology typically used in cognitive sciences. Problem: Nowadays psychological studies are difficult to replicate. As a way to achieve replication of results published in a previous study in order to develop a methodological adaptation suitable for electroencephalographic measurements in a subsequent experiment, first-person accounts from the participants in our pilot study were included in the experiment construction. This study’s objective is to show the benefit of including a mild-neurophenomenology-inspired approach in the adaptation from an original paradigm, which requires, foremost, the ability to replicate the original results. Method: Interviews with open and semi-structured questions were carried out at the end of an Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT. The first-person reports, together with the behavioral outcomes of each pilot, were taken into account for the development of the next piloting phase until replication of the original results was achieved, and the final experimental design was elaborated. Results: A sequence of four pilots, where the integration of third- and first-person information derived from subjects’ behavior and reported experiences while carrying them out rendered the behavioral replication we sought to achieve, providing support for a first-person enriched cognitive science paradigm. Implications: Including first-person accounts systematically during the development and performance of classic cognitive paradigms ensures that those paradigms are measuring what they claim to measure. This is the next logical step to improve replication rates, to refine the explanation of the results and avoid confounding third-person data interpretation. Constructivist content: Including first-person experiences and acknowledging the active role that participants’ experiences regarding the paradigm had in the modeling of its final version is in concordance with a constructivist standing. (shrink)

: En la analítica existencial de Ser y tiempo no aparece la angustia (Angst)como numero modo de encontrarse en un estado (Befindlichkeit), ni tampoco como numero fenómeno psicológico, si no mucho más que eso: la angustia es presentada como un existenciario fundamental, es decir, un encontrarse básicamente en un estado(Grundbefindlichkeit). Al sentirla, lo que se le revela al Dasein es su propio ser, mas esta experiencia puede desestabilizarlo. Es entonces cuando el Dasein busca y se afana en hallar una seguridad (...) óntica que lo lleva a una huída de sí. A partir de dicha búsqueda,sondearemos cómo la angustia, si bien tiene por un lado la esencial capacidad derevelar el ser del Dasein, tiene sin embargo, por otro lado, el poder de conducirlo a lamás absoluta enajenación de sí mismo, aun cuando se afane en hallar el camino haciasu autenticidad. In the existential analytic of Being and time, anxiety does not appear simply asa state-of-mind (Befindlichkeit), nor simply as a psychological phenomenon, but assomething much greater. Indeed, anguish appears as a fundamental existentiale, that is,a basic state-of-mind (Grundbefindlichkeit). By experiencing it, what is revealed toDasein is its very being, yet this same experience may also destabilize Dasein. It isthen that Dasein looks for and strives to find an ontical security which leads it to fleefrom itself. Taking this search as a starting point, we will probe how, whilst on theone hand, anxiety has the essential capacity to reveal Dasein´s being, it neverthelesshas, on the other hand, the power to drive Dasein in turn to the most absolutealienation from itself, even when it is striving to find the path which leads towardsauthenticity. (shrink)

Upshot: We respond to three main challenges that the commentaries have raised. Firstly, we clarify our misunderstood intention of introducing a newcomer to the neurophenomenological family. Rather, we situate our approach under the broader umbrella of phenomenology. Secondly, we argue that from our empirical position it is questionable that the strategy we pursued in the target article left the black box of consciousness completely closed. Thirdly, we argue that the subjective fluctuations that may appear as outcomes in an experimental paradigm (...) are not to be considered with a resigned attitude but as valuable information to work with. We conclude our response by agreeing with the concerns of two of the commentators about extending the perspectives and plurality of the methods to investigate the explanatory gap problem. (shrink)

En este artículo sondearemos los modos de conciencia de un sujeto que intenta desencadenarse de la voluptuosidad y del dolor, dado que la conciencia que posibilita el descubrimiento de la voluntad en cuanto cosa en sí es fruto del éxtasis de su negación. Testimonios personales del filósofo aunados con referentes platónicos y kantianos entre la conciencia empírica y la mejor, ayudarán a esclarecer el desencadenamiento de la metafísica de la voluntad. In this article we shall delve into the conscience moods (...) in a subject who intends to unchain from voluptuosness and pain, inasmuch as the conscience that makes it possible the discovery of will as the thing in itself is the fruit of its negation ecstasy. Personal testimonies of the philosopher together with Platonic and Kantian referents between the empirical conscience and the better conscience will help to elucidate the unleashing of will metaphysics. (shrink)

¿Es posible que un filósofo promueva, con el ejemplo, la violencia como medio para la resolución de conflictos? Sócrates, Descartes, Rawls, Wittgenstein o Jonas, entre otros, son casos de quienes terminaron por distintas causas enrolándose en ejércitos o participando de algún modo en diversos conflictos bélicos. Muchos lograron a pesar de ello no mezclar sus filosofías con algo ajeno a la misma. Este artículo se propone indagar en la _La filosofía de la redención_ de Mainländer a fin de detectar los (...) peligros que acarrea enaltecer el uso de la violencia, elevando el amor a la patria a nivel de sabiduría filosófica. Este aspecto será identificado como el más delicado de su pensamiento, lo que explicará por qué se prescinde aquí de calificarlo de filósofo y se aluda a él como pensador en la medida que ciertas reflexiones que resultan ser esenciales en determinadas materias pudieron terminar siendo contaminadas por un fanatismo nacionalista. Esto abrirá la posibilidad de pensar en un criptobelicismo de base en algunos aspectos de su obra. (shrink)

RESUMEN Si bien se han sondeado diversas fuentes a través de las cuales la tradición judeo-cristiana ha legitimado el especismo, seria injustamente parcial sostener que Occidente debe únicamente a su religión más popular e influyente el trato lesivo y discriminatorio hacia las demás especies. En diversas variantes, a partir de todo tipo de argumentos y supuestos, las jerarquías discriminatorias de especies no han constituido la excepción, sino más bien la regla. Esta tendencia, que está presente en diferentes cosmovisiones occidentales -y (...) aun entre teorías como las de Darwin, que dejan sin sustento teórico los fundamentos religiosos y metafísicos que suelen avalar tales prácticas especistas-, pone de manifiesto su relación sustancial con el problema de la destrucción en cuanto el ser humano ha explotado y hecho sistemáticamente desaparecer un sinfín de especies sobre la faz de la Tierra. ABSTRACT A wide range of sources is available to support the notion that the Judeo-Christian tradition has been instrumental in legitimizing speciesism. Nonetheless, it would be unfair to claim that the West's harmful and discriminatory attitude to other species proceeds solely from its historically dominant religious tradition. The construction of discriminatory species hierarchies has been the rule rather than the exception, proceeding from a variety of arguments and suppositions. This discriminatory tendency can be found in diverse Western cosmovisions; even in Darwinian theories which reject the theological and metaphysical underpinnings previously used to shore up speciesist practices. This pervasiveness suggests that the speciesist tendency is intimately bound up with the problem of destruction, understood here as the process by which human beings have exploited innumerable species, to the point of systematically rendering them extinct. (shrink)

This research presents an analysis of the learning strategies employed by students during confinement due to Covid-19 in the year 2021. The study sample consisted of 200 students from the Licenciado Benito Juárez García high school of the morning shift of the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. A survey was applied to measure the degree of satisfaction in relation to their use and impact on the acquisition of knowledge, allowing them to be more self-taught.The results show that the hypothesis was (...) partially fulfilled, since practice and organization are the learning strategies that most supported them in learning. (shrink)

This paper aims to offer a definition of excessive profit for cases of exploitation. Most of the literature that aims to identify cases of exploitation focus on determining a fixed price, and suggests that profit is excessive when individuals deviate from this price. More recently, Joe Horton has proposed an indifferent benchmark between transacting with a vulnerable party and not transacting with her. After arguing against the existing focus on prices, the paper proposes an alternative approach to exploitation which focuses (...) on the profit made by the purported exploiter party. It suggests that profit is excessive when an agent makes more profit than the profit that a non-vulnerable purported exploiter would have made when transacting with a non-vulnerable second party. The focus on profit leads to the conclusion that different prices may be non-exploitative depending on the situation of the agents involved. (shrink)

El presente artículo se propone analizar, de acuerdo con Heidegger, el problema del conocimiento y la relación y modo de ser entre sujeto y objeto que subyace en éste, esbozando, para ello, un lineamiento general de las tesis constitutivas y presupuestos básicos que han operado en su tematización a lo largo de la tradición metafísica filosófica. Se tomará por referencia la etapa del primer Heidegger y la analítica-existencial del Dasein como base desde la cual observamos el fenómeno del conocer. _Palabras (...) Clave_: Heidegger – Fenomenología – Conocimiento – Sujeto. (shrink)

El quehacer docente durante la pandemia, llevo hacer cambios en su metodología de trabajo, la experiencia en aula virtual de la asignatura de microbiología involucra a los alumnos de quinto semestre del área de la salud, de la preparatoria licenciado Benito Juárez García. En ésta el alumno debe aprender a investigar, diseñar y poner en marcha una propuesta de difusión sobre la etiología y prevención de enfermedades causadas por microorganismos. Por lo que, debido a la contingencia sanitaria la difusión fue (...) por medios digitales a través de Blogs. (shrink)

Toulmin (2001) sostiene que la invención de las disciplinas,un cambio iniciado en el siglo XVII, involucró factores tantointelectuales como institucionales. Intelectualmente, el uso dela geometría cartesiana como modelo de conocimiento proveyólos fundamentos; institucionalmente, la división del trabajo enprofesiones y disciplinas hizo el resto. Sin embargo, este cambiose produjo lentamente y sólo alcanzó su apogeo durante el sigloXX, con la conformación de lo que Snow (2012) reconoce comolas dos culturas: las Humanidades y las Ciencias Naturales.Focalizando esta distinción, proponemos reflexionar sobre laargumentación (...) escrita en dos disciplinas (Letras y Biología)desde la perspectiva toulminiana. Al respecto, consideramosque los argumentos y los modos de escribirlos están tanprofundamente ligados a las disciplinas que resulta esencialsaber y reconocer cómo operan estos procesos a fin de entenderla lógica de dichos campos. En efecto, las particularidades decada disciplina están siempre presentes a la hora de escribir yde argumentar por escrito. Todo texto pertenece, por lo menos,a un género y a una disciplina; como tal, emplea movimientosretóricos particulares que varían de comunidad en comunidady de un tipo de discurso a otro. Este trabajo, retoma lapropuesta de Toulmin (2003, 2001) y busca dar cuenta de lasespecificidades de la argumentación escrita en dos carrerasuniversitarias argentinas (Letras y Biología). Así, después dehaber efectuado un trabajo de campo que comprendió, duranteun semestre, observación participante de clases, entrevistasa docentes y alumnos y recolección de documentos áulicos(exámenes escritos y trabajos prácticos), distinguimos cuatrorasgos que caracterizan la argumentación en los ámbitosdisciplinares de las Humanidades y de las Ciencias Naturales:(1) los grados de formalidad; (2) los grados de precisión; (3) losmodos de resolución; y (4) las metas de la argumentación. Estoscuatro rasgos permiten complejizar los elementos estables delesquema toulminiano y pensar sus usos, sus aplicaciones y susalcances en las disciplinas. (shrink)

La formación inicial docente resulta clave para una educación inclusiva. Sin embargo, esta formación suele orientarse por estándares de la política y estar desvinculada de las experiencias de sus actores. Mediante un estudio de caso de un programa de Pedagogía en Artes Visuales chileno, se interrogan las propuestas formativas a partir de experiencias biográficas de formadores y profesores en formación. Se describen aspectos no considerados sobre la concepción de diversidad e inclusión, la corporalidad, la identidad y la autonomía docente. Asimismo, (...) se delinean posibilidades de hacer sentido a las experiencias de los actores y orientar su enseñanza desde la inclusión. (shrink)