Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768-1834) entfaltete in Berlin als Gemeindeprediger, Universitätsprofessor und Akademiemitglied ein wirkmächtiges theologisches und philosophisches System zwischen Aufklärung, Deutschem Idealismus und Romantik. Die Kritische Gesamtausgabe (KGA) seiner zu Lebzeiten publizierten sowie seiner nachgelassenen Werke und Briefe ist in fünf Abteilungen gegliedert, wobei jeder Abteilung auch der ihr zugehörige handschriftliche Nachlass zugeordnet ist: I. Schriften und Entwürfe II. Vorlesungen III. Predigten IV. Übersetzungen V. Briefwechsel und biographische Dokumente Die seit 1972 vorbereitete Edition wird kooperativ von den beiden (...) Forschungsstellen in Kiel und in Berlin erarbeitet. Die 1967 gegründete Kieler Forschungsstelle ist eine Einrichtung der dortigen Theologischen Fakultät; die 1979 an der Theologischen Hochschule gegründete Berliner Forschungsstelle ist jetzt in der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften beheimatet. Die editorische Arbeit in Kiel, die zunächst 1975-1983 durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft finanziert wurde und seit 1984 von der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen im Rahmen des Akademien-Programms der Bund-Länder-Kommission für Bildungsplanung und Forschungsförderung betreut wird, konzentrierte sich zunächst auf die I. Abteilung "Schriften und Entwürfe". Diese Abteilung, deren Musterband 1980 publiziert wurde und die insgesamt 14 Bände in 17 Teilbänden (plus Registerband) umfasst, wurde editorisch termingerecht Ende 2002 abgeschlossen; die letzten beiden Textbände erschienen im Herbst 2003. Die editorische Arbeit in Berlin, die zunächst vom Berliner Senat und der Evangelischen Kirche (EKU und EKBB) über die Schleiermachersche Stiftung finanziert wurde und seit 1994 in der Obhut der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften liegt, ist seit Beginn vorrangig der V. Abteilung "Briefwechsel und biographische Dokumente" gewidmet. Hier sind bisher neun Bände erschienen, der letzte dokumentiert die Hallenser Zeit bis 1807. In Berlin wurde 1989 auch die Arbeit an der II. Abteilung "Vorlesungen" eröffnet, deren Gedeihen allerdings durch personelle Sparmaßnahmen nach dem Erscheinen des Musterbandes 1998 behindert wurde. Mehrere Bände, finanziert über Einzelprojekte,liegen zur Zeit vor. Die editorische Arbeit in Kiel ist seit Jahresbeginn 2003 neu auf die III. Abteilung "Predigten" gerichtet, wiederum betreut von der Göttinger Akademie. Über das bisher publizierte Predigtkorpus von 583 gedruckten Predigten und Predigtentwürfen hinaus sollen in den kommenden Jahren 750 bisher unbekannte Predigten (238 eigenhändige Predigtentwürfe der Jahre 1794-1808 und 512 nachschriftlich überlieferte Predigten der Jahren 1809-1833) editorisch erschlossen und publiziert werden. (shrink)

In this book by the award-winning author of Just Healthcare, Norman Daniels develops a comprehensive theory of justice for health that answers three key questions: what is the special moral importance of health? When are health inequalities unjust? How can we meet health needs fairly when we cannot meet them all? Daniels' theory has implications for national and global health policy: can we meet health needs fairly in ageing societies? Or protect health in the workplace while respecting individual liberty? Or (...) meet professional obligations and obligations of justice without conflict? When is an effort to reduce health disparities, or to set priorities in realising a human right to health, fair? What do richer, healthier societies owe poorer, sicker societies? Just Health: Meeting Health Needs Fairly explores the many ways that social justice is good for the health of populations in developed and developing countries. (shrink)

Vigilanz wird alltäglich ausgeübt, etwa im Bereich der Sicherheit, des Rechts, der Religionen oder auch der Öffentlichen Gesundheit: überall dort, wo wir auf etwas achten, gegebenenfalls auch etwas tun oder melden sollen. Der Münchner SFB 1369, in dem dieser Band entstanden ist, untersucht die Geschichte, kulturellen Varianten und aktuellen Formen dieses Phänomens nichtinstitutioneller, aber doch hochgradig funktionaler Wachsamkeit. Der erste Band der Publikationsreihe,Vigilanzkulturen' widmet sich der zeitlichen Dimension von Vigilanz. So wie menschliche Aufmerksamkeit erheblichen Schwankungen unterliegt, ist auch Wachsamkeit zeitlich (...) instabil. Die hohe physiologisch-kognitive Intensität von Wachsamkeit lässt sich nur schwer auf Dauer stellen. Wird über längere Zeit hinweg ein ereignisloses oder unstrukturiertes Geschehen beobachtet, sinkt die Aufmerksamkeit oder richtet sich auf anderes. Kulturelle Anleitungen zur Wachsamkeit arbeiten daher in der Regel selbst mit zeitlichen Strukturen: mit Rhythmisierungen, Habitualisierungen oder Dramatisierungen. Sie geben vor, in welcher Abfolge Wachsamkeit herauf- oder herabgestuft werden soll oder sie variieren denkbare Gefahren. Sie arbeiten mit natürlichen Zeitverläufen (wie Tag und Nacht, Licht und Dunkelheit), die sie, kulturell überformt, nutzbar machen. Darüber hinaus können auch Techniken und Medien helfen, Wachsamkeit zu verstetigen. Der Band untersucht diese zeitliche Gestaltung der Wachsamkeit anhand historisch spezifischer Konstellationen. Er versammelt Beiträge aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen wie Geschichte, Ethnographie, Kunstgeschichte, Literatur- und Medienwissenschaft, um die Zeiten der Wachsamkeit zu erforschen. (shrink)

It is common to hear talk of the aim of belief and to find philosophers appealing to that aim for numerous explanatory purposes. What belief 's aim explains depends, of course, on what that aim is. Many hold that it is somehow related to truth, but there are various ways in which one might specify belief 's aim using the notion of truth. In this article, by considering whether they can account for belief 's standard of correctness and the epistemic (...) norms governing belief, I argue against certain prominent specifications of belief 's aim given in terms of truth, and advance a neglected alternative. (shrink)

Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768-1834) entfaltete in Berlin als Gemeindeprediger, Universitatsprofessor und Akademiemitglied ein wirkmachtiges theologisches und philosophisches System zwischen Aufklarung, Deutschem Idealismus und Romantik. DIe Kritische Gesamtausgabe (KGA) seiner zu Lebzeiten publizierten sowie seiner nachgelassenen Werke und Briefe ist in funf Abteilungen gegliedert, wobei jeder Abteilung auch der ihr zugehorige handschriftliche Nachlass zugeordnet ist: I. SChriften und Entwurfe II. VOrlesungen III. PRedigten IV. uBersetzungen V. BRiefwechsel und biographische Dokumente Die seit 1972 vorbereitete Edition wird kooperativ von den beiden (...) Forschungsstellen in Kiel und in Berlin erarbeitet. DIe 1967 gegrundete Kieler Forschungsstelle ist eine Einrichtung der dortigen Theologischen Fakultat; die 1979 an der Theologischen Hochschule gegrundete Berliner Forschungsstelle ist jetzt in der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften beheimatet. Die editorische Arbeit in Kiel, die zunachst 1975-1983 durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft finanziert wurde und seit 1984 von der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen im Rahmen des Akademien-Programms der Bund-Lander-Kommission fur Bildungsplanung und Forschungsforderung betreut wird, konzentrierte sich zunachst auf die I. ABteilung "Schriften und Entwurfe". DIese Abteilung, deren Musterband 1980 publiziert wurde und die insgesamt 14 Bande in 17 Teilbanden (plus Registerband) umfasst, wurde editorisch termingerecht Ende 2002 abgeschlossen; die letzten beiden Textbande erschienen im Herbst 2003. Die editorische Arbeit in Berlin, die zunachst vom Berliner Senat und der Evangelischen Kirche (EKU und EKBB) uber die Schleiermachersche Stiftung finanziert wurde und seit 1994 in der Obhut der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften liegt, ist seit Beginn vorrangig der V. ABteilung "Briefwechsel und biographische Dokumente" gewidmet. HIer sind bisher neun Bande erschienen, der letzte dokumentiert die Hallenser Zeit bis 1807. In Berlin wurde 1989 auch die Arbeit an der II. ABteilung "Vorlesungen" eroffnet, deren Gedeihen allerdings durch personelle SparmaSSnahmen nach dem Erscheinen des Musterbandes 1998 behindert wurde. MEhrere Bande, finanziert uber Einzelprojekte,liegen zur Zeit vor. Die editorische Arbeit in Kiel ist seit Jahresbeginn 2003 neu auf die III. ABteilung "Predigten" gerichtet, wiederum betreut von der Gottinger Akademie. uBer das bisher publizierte Predigtkorpus von 583 gedruckten Predigten und Predigtentwurfen hinaus sollen in den kommenden Jahren 750 bisher unbekannte Predigten (238 eigenhandige Predigtentwurfe der Jahre 1794-1808 und 512 nachschriftlich uberlieferte Predigten der Jahren 1809-1833) editorisch erschlossen und publiziert werden. (shrink)

The _Physics_ is a foundational work of western philosophy, and the crucial one for understanding Aristotle's views on matter, form, essence, causation, movement, space, and time. This richly annotated, scrupulously accurate, and consistent translation makes it available to a contemporary English reader as no other does—in part because it fits together seamlessly with other closely associated works in the New Hackett Aristotle series, such as the _Metaphysics_, _De Anima_, and forthcoming _De Caelo_ and _On Coming to Be and Passing Away_. (...) Eventually the series will include all of Aristotle's works. Sequentially numbered endnotes provide the information most needed at each juncture, while a detailed Index of Terms indicates places where focused discussion of key notions occurs. An illuminating general Introduction describes the book that lies ahead, explaining what sort of work it is and what sorts of evidence it relies on. (shrink)

A pioneering work in the philosophy of mind, Content and Consciousness brings together the approaches of philosophers and scientists to the mind--a connection that must occur if genuine analysis of the mind is to be made. This unified approach permits the most forbiddingly mysterious mental phenomenon--consciousness--to be broken down into several distinct phenomena, and these are each given a foundation in the physical activity of the brain. This paperback edition contains a preface placing the book in the context of recent (...) work in the area. (shrink)

Michael Peters, Sonja Arndt & Marek TesarThis is a collective writing experiment of PESA members, including its Executive Committee, asking questions of the Philosophy of Education in a New Key. Co...

Biobanks, collecting human specimen, medical records, and lifestyle-related data, face the challenge of having contradictory missions: on the one hand serving the collective welfare through easy access for medical research, on the other hand adhering to restrictive privacy expectations of people in order to maintain their willingness to participate in such research. In this article, ethical frameworks stressing the societal value of low-privacy expectations in order to secure biomedical research are discussed. It will turn out that neither utilitarian nor communitarian (...) or classical libertarian ethics frameworks will help to serve both goals. Instead, John Rawls’ differentiation of the “right” and the “good” is presented in order to illustrate the possibility of “serving two masters”: individual interests of privacy, and societal interests of scientific progress and intergenerational justice. In order to illustrate this counterbalancing concept with an example, the five-pillar concept of the German Ethics Council will be briefly discussed. (shrink)

The potential to collect brain data more directly, with higher resolution, and in greater amounts has heightened worries about mental and brain privacy. In order to manage the risks to individuals posed by these privacy challenges, some have suggested codifying new privacy rights, including a right to “mental privacy.” In this paper, we consider these arguments and conclude that while neurotechnologies do raise significant privacy concerns, such concerns are—at least for now—no different from those raised by other well-understood data collection (...) technologies, such as gene sequencing tools and online surveillance. To better understand the privacy stakes of brain data, we suggest the use of a conceptual framework from information ethics, Helen Nissenbaum’s “contextual integrity” theory. To illustrate the importance of context, we examine neurotechnologies and the information flows they produce in three familiar contexts—healthcare and medical research, criminal justice, and consumer marketing. We argue that by emphasizing what is distinct about brain privacy issues, rather than what they share with other data privacy concerns, risks weakening broader efforts to enact more robust privacy law and policy. (shrink)

The formation of blood vessels within the vascular system entails a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, migration and differentiation. In many cases, these diverse processes need to be finely coordinated among neighbouring endothelial cells in order to establish a functional vascular network. For instance, during angiogenic sprouting specialized endothelial tip cells follow guidance cues and migrate extensively into avascular tissues while trailing stalk cells must stay connected to the patent blood vessel. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Notch (...) signalling pathways have emerged as the major players in governing these different cellular behaviours. In particular, recent work indicates an important role for Notch signalling in determining how an endothelial cell responds to VEGF. In this review, we provide an overview of these biochemically distinct pathways and discuss how they may interact during endothelial cell differentiation and angiogenesis. BioEssays 30:303–313, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

In the international bestseller, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman, the renowned psychologist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, takes us on a groundbreaking tour of the mind and explains the two systems that drive the way we think. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional; System 2 is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. The impact of overconfidence on corporate strategies, the difficulties of predicting what will make us happy in the future, the profound effect of (...) cognitive biases on everything from playing the stock market to planning our next vacation—each of these can be understood only by knowing how the two systems shape our judgments and decisions. -/- Engaging the reader in a lively conversation about how we think, Kahneman reveals where we can and cannot trust our intuitions and how we can tap into the benefits of slow thinking. He offers practical and enlightening insights into how choices are made in both our business and our personal lives—and how we can use different techniques to guard against the mental glitches that often get us into trouble. Winner of the National Academy of Sciences Best Book Award and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize and selected by The New York Times Book Review as one of the ten best books of 2011, Thinking, Fast and Slow is destined to be a classic. (shrink)

Childhoods in contemporary Kenya are entangled with discourses of care in a post-colonial landscape. Such imaginaries of childhoods through discourses of ‘care’ and ‘charity’ are well established through Western lenses. Another lens that is often enacted is the lens of de-commercialised, un-spoilt, pure and innocent childhoods in the Kenyan landscape. In this study, the authors utilize Nel Nodding’s concept of an ethics of care, and a feminist lens, to explore this binary of Western views through real experiences of childhoods. This (...) paper provides an analysis of childhoods as lived experiences in Kenya, and challenges constructions of children/childhoods as vulnerable, based upon observations and interviews conducted in Kenya in the remote area of Kwale County. (shrink)

Das Schleiermacher-Archiv ist primär ein begleitendes Publikationsorgan für die seit 1980 erscheinende Gesamtausgabe der Werke Friedrich Schleiermachers (KGA), welches Materialien und Untersuchungen veröffentlicht, die in engerer Beziehung zur KGA stehen. In Sammelbänden werden zudem Beiträge dokumentiert, die auf internationalen Schleiermacher-Kongressen vorgetragen worden oder in diesem Zusammenhang entstanden sind.

In 1922, philosopher Jakob Klatzkin and Zionist politician and later president of the World Jewish Congress, Nahum Goldmann founded the Eschkol publishing company in Berlin and began their major work on the Encyclopaedia Judaica. Eschkol was active during the Weimar Republic, where culture and politics were shaped by a Jewish renaissance and by the sustained migration of Jews from Eastern Europe. Most of the publisher’s books and brochures show emblematic historical ruptures and the migration of knowledge to new spaces, languages, (...) and cultures. This article analyzes Eschkol’s publications and cultural agenda from the perspective of a material culture of printed works, and focuses on its textbook program. It concentrates the discussion on the historian Simon Bernfeld and Jakob Klatzkin, two formative scholars of that period. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Naharaim Jahrgang: 12 Heft: 1-2 Seiten: 3-8.

The pessimistic hypothesis is the hypothesis that life is bad for us, in the sense that we are worse off for having come into existence. Suppose this hypothesis turns out to be correct — existence turns out to be more of a burden than a gift. A natural next thought is that we should stop having children. But I contend that this is a mistake; procreation would often be permissible even if the pessimistic hypothesis turned out to be correct. Roughly, (...) this is because we are often in a position to know that future people will approve of having been created, and their approval will not be inappropriate even if they are worse off for having been created. And our respect for the attitudes of future people can permit us to create them. (shrink)

Corruption continues to be a considerable challenge for internationally active companies. In this article, we examine personal and socioenvironmental antecedents of corrupt behavior in organizations. In particular, we aim to illuminate the links between Machiavellianism, on-the-job experience with corrupt behavior at work, neutralization, and the attitude of business professionals toward corruption. The empirical analysis is based on the responses of 169 professionals. At first, a positive relationship between both Machiavellianism and on-the-job experience and the acceptance of corruption appears in the (...) model. However, an in-depth mediation analysis shows that neutralization is the keystone linking both Machiavellianism and on-the-job experience to the likelihood to condone corruption. Based on these results, we offer avenues for further research and implications for practitioners. (shrink)

Simon May has argued that the notion of a principled compromise is incoherent. Reasons to compromise are always in his view strategic: though we think that the position we defend is still the right one, we compromise on this view in order to avoid the undesirable consequences that might flow from not compromising. I argue against May that there are indeed often principled reasons to compromise, and that these reasons are in fact multiple. First, compromises evince respect for persons that (...) we have reason to think of as our epistemic peers, and acknowledgement of our own finitudes as moral reasoners. Second, compromises are often made morally necessary by the shortfalls that unavoidably separate democratic institutions from democratic ideals. Third, compromises express a desirable form of democratic community. And fourth, compromises are often justified from a consequentialist point of view, in that they allow for the realization of values that would not be realized as well by the failure to compromise. (shrink)

Sometimes, learning about the origins of a belief can make it irrational to continue to hold that belief—a phenomenon we call ‘genealogical defeat’. According to explanationist accounts, genealogical defeat occurs when one learns that there is no appropriate explanatory connection between one’s belief and the truth. Flatfooted versions of explanationism have been widely and rightly rejected on the grounds that they would disallow beliefs about the future and other inductively-formed beliefs. After motivating the need for some explanationist account, we raise (...) some problems for recent versions of explanationism. Learning from their failures, we then produce and defend a more resilient explanationism. (shrink)

This book seeks to bring together the pragmatic theory of 'meaning as use' with the traditional semantic approach that considers meaning in terms of truth conditions. Daniel Gutzmann's new approach captures the entire meaning of complex expressions and overcomes the empirical gaps and conceptual problems associated with previous analyses.

Examines the lived experience of social encounters drawing on phenomenological insights.

Gegenstand des Buches ist die Marxsche Theorie in ihrer Gesamtheit. 1985 zuerst erschienen und seit vielen Jahren vergriffen, gilt es inzwischen als Standardwerk. Es zieht eine Zwischenbilanz der damaligen Interpretation und Edition im Blick auf den Zusammenhang der Marxschen Theorie in ihrer Entwicklung und Systematik. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit finden die Philosophie betreffenden Probleme, wobei die Untersuchung sich jedoch nicht von einem restringierten Philosophieverständnis leiten lässt, sondern das Verhältnis von Philosophie und Wissenschaften bei Marx selbst erkundet. Ein Nachwort zur zweiten Auflage verweist (...) auf neuere Literatur und aktuelle Probleme einer Darstellung des Zusammenhangs der Marxschen Theorie. (shrink)

Infallibilism is the view that a belief cannot be at once warranted and false. In this essay we assess three nonpartisan arguments for infallibilism, arguments that do not depend on a prior commitment to some substantive theory of warrant. Three premises, one from each argument, are most significant: if a belief can be at once warranted and false, then the Gettier Problem cannot be solved; if a belief can be at once warranted and false, then its warrant can be transferred (...) to an accidentally true belief; if a belief can be at once warranted and false, then it can be warranted and accidentally true. We argue that each of these is either false or no more plausible than its denial. Along the way, we offer a solution to the Gettier Problem that is compatible with fallibilism. (shrink)

Supererogatory acts—good deeds “beyond the call of duty”—are a part of moral common sense, but conceptually puzzling. I propose a unified solution to three of the most infamous puzzles: the classic Paradox of Supererogation (if it’s so good, why isn’t it just obligatory?), Horton’s All or Nothing Problem, and Kamm’s Intransitivity Paradox. I conclude that supererogation makes sense if, and only if, the grounds of rightness are multi-dimensional and comparative.

In recent years consumer law has come more and more into the focus of legislation within the EU. One of the EU’s key objectives, completing the final stage of the internal market, is to place consumer rights in the centre of it. Following the adaption of various consumer law measures for some decades, the EU has undertaken a thorough review of its consumer acquis. After years of consultations, the Consumer Rights Directive 2011/83/ EU, which was supposed to set new standards (...) of consumer protection, came into force and will have to be implemented by the Member States by 13 December, 2013. Renouncing its principal practice of minimum harmonisation in the area of consumer law, i.e. allowing Member States on the basis of Directives to adopt more protective rules, the EU legislator now turned to a targeted full harmonisation approach by means of the Consumer Rights Directive, aiming at increasing the consumer protection across the EU by bringing together the currently distinct laws for distance selling and off-premises contracts as well as other types of consumer contracts in a single instrument. The article briefly introduces the background of the Directive and discusses the shift in means of harmonisation concepts. Then, it analyses the scope, concepts and content of the Directive, which mainly brings considerable reforms in the areas of information requirements and the right of withdrawal. Taking into account the Directive’s improvements and shortcomings, conclusions are drawn that further harmonisation and a uniform and universally applicable set of European consumer rights are needed. (shrink)

Fifty years ago, on 12 September, 1963, the association agreement between the European Economic Community (EEC) and Turkey was signed in Ankara. However, in contrast to many other countries who applied later on, Turkey has not yet become a member of the EU. Nevertheless, Turkey’s candidacy to join the EU is still one of the most considerable and controversial topics within the European political arena. Within the accession negotiations, apart from human rights and the Kurdish and the Cypriot issues, one (...) of the greatest challenges to Turkey’s successful candidacy is the issue of respect for and protection of minorities. It might indeed represent an unsolvable problem, which will ultimately block Turkey joining the EU. Neither the EU nor Turkey has really come to terms or dealt with what the EU sees as an “unsatisfactory” protection of minorities in Turkey. What lies at the root of this disagreement is what the term “minority” actually means. Due to Turkey’s own nation state concept as being a united and undivided country and to the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne signed in 1923, which defined Turkey as a nation, the country only recognises non-Muslim minorities. Moreover, contrary to the wording of the minority protection clauses in the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey restricts its recognition of non-Muslim minorities only to the Greek, Armenian and Jewish religious populations. Although being a non-Muslim group as well, the Assyrians are excluded from the Turkish concept of minorities and, therefore, also from minority protection. In contrast to that, the EU’s concept of minority includes ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities, which means that according to the EU’s concept of minorities, also ethnic minorities like the Kurds, linguistic minorities like the Laz and religious minorities like the Alevis are included in the term “minority” and, therefore, these minorities should benefit from specific minority protection rights. To find a common basis for discussing the unsatisfactory issue of minority rights in Turkey, the concept of “ethnic groups” is introduced by the author as the most promising approach to deal with this unreconciled conceptual difference. According to this concept, ethnic groups could form a sub-identity of Turkishness and help build a legal basis to the treatment of minority groups founded on human rights, which would be compatible with both Turkish and EU Law. (shrink)

Die Studie ist am Schnittpunkt von Geschichts-, Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaften angesiedelt und behandelt die Jahre 1893-1933. Anhand einschlägiger Alltagsquellen werden liberaljüdische, zionistische und antisemitische Einstellungen zu Sprache generell sowie zu den Einzelsprachen Deutsch, Jiddisch und Hebräisch im diskursiven Spannungsfeld von Angriff und Apologie untersucht. Dabei versucht die Untersuchung auch Antworten zu geben auf die Frage, wie das kulturell fruchtbare Verhältnis zwischen Juden und Deutschen letztlich in die Katastrophe der nationalsozialistischen Judenvernichtung münden konnte.

" Qualia " is an unfamiliar term for something that could not be more familiar to each of us: the ways things seem to us. As is so often the case with philosophical jargon, it is easier to give examples than to give a definition of the term. Look at a glass of milk at sunset; the way it looks to you--the particular, personal, subjective visual quality of the glass of milk is the quale of your visual experience at the (...) moment. The way the milk tastes to you then is another, gustatory quale, and how it sounds to you as you swallow is an auditory quale; These various "properties of conscious experience" are prime examples of qualia. Nothing, it seems, could you know more intimately than your own qualia ; let the entire universe be some vast illusion, some mere figment of Descartes' evil demon, and yet what the figment is made of will be the qualia of your hallucinatory experiences. Descartes claimed to doubt everything that could be doubted, but he never doubted that his conscious experiences had qualia, the properties by which he knew or apprehended them. (shrink)

In Lukács: Praxis and the Absolute, Daniel Andrés López reassembles Lukács’s philosophy of praxis on a Hegelian basis, as a conceptual-historical totality, both defending him and proposing an unprecedented, immanent critique that raises problems for Marxian philosophy as a whole.

The rapidly increasing numbers of elderly people in our society have raised some important moral questions: How should we distribute social resources among different age groups? What does justice require from both the young and the old? In this book, Norman Daniels offers the first systematic philosophical discussion of these urgent questions, advocating what he calls a "lifespan" approach to the problem: Since, as they age, people pass through a variety of institutions, the challenge of caring for the elderly becomes (...) the prudent allocation of public resources among the various stages of people's lives. Using this philosophical approach, Daniels addresses specific public policy issues such as the allocation of medical funds, the adequacy of long-term care, current Medicare cost-containment measures, and the equitable distribution of income support over the lifespan and between generations. (shrink)