Half a million species of plants could be existing in the world. Classification of plants based on leaf features is a critical job as feature extraction from binary images of leaves may result in duplicate identification. However, leaves are an effective means of differentiating plant species because of their unique characteristics like area, diameter, perimeter, circularity, aspect ratio, solidity, eccentricity, and narrow factor. This paper presents the extraction of plant leaf gas alongside other features from the camera images or a (...) dataset of images by applying a convolutional neural network. The extraction of leaf gas enables identification of the actual level of chlorophyll and nitrogen which may help to interpret future predictions. Our contribution includes the study of texture and geometric features, analyzing ratio of Ch and N in both healthy and dead leaves, and the study of color-based methods via CNN. Several steps are included to obtain the results: image preprocessing, testing, training, enhancement, segmentation, feature extraction, and aggregation of results. A vital contrast of the results can be seen by considering the kind of image, whether a healthy or dead leaf. (shrink)

Textbooks play a strong part in constructing gender roles and status in society. Thus, the images, lessons, and stories of gender portrayed in textbooks affect the perception of prevalent masculine behavior. To develop an insight into the phenomena, this article analyzes the institutionalized patriarchy and patriarchal values embedded in the Urdu and English National Book Foundation textbooks for grades 5, 6, and 7. The study used content analysis techniques to decode the tone, juggling of meanings, pictorial representation, topic selection, word (...) selection, number of pages devoted to each topic, and gender placement of Urdu and Social Studies textbooks. The study explored whether women are portrayed as followers of men and men as having a leadership role. The mother is predominantly presented as a housewife who stays at home, cleaning and cooking all day. While the father goes to work every day and comes home and relaxes after a hard day’s work. Such placement of gendered roles has an effect on the thinking of young students and they internalize the idea that such roles are a natural part of their personality. Moreover, the books reflect a reality which is more male-oriented, while female representations are lacking in the dominant reality. (shrink)

How do Language communities generate rules and norms of behavior? How do those norms and rules impact on interpersonal communication and on the Construction of organisations? Such communication implies the testing and comparison of narratives seen as relevant for problem solving in organisations. The Research suggests that reflection rooms are created when persons come together to find responses to Challenges (Called gaps in decision making in Searles Rationality in Action from 2001). The book investigates struggles of narratives over time in (...) the Development of Norwegian fisheries in the 20th Century, testing the relation between the horisontal institution of Language against the hierarchical organization of practical collective activities, in general and in practice in fisheries. (shrink)

As sociologists deepen their examinations of human rights in their teaching, research, and thinking, it is essential that such work is conducted in a manner that is both mindful and critical of the knowledge we are building upon in sociology and human rights. As the authors of this volume reveal, creating sociological knowledge that examines human rights for the expansion of human rights is something that sociologists are well equipped to undertake, whether through the use of mathematics, comparative-historical analysis, the (...) study of emotions, conversations, or social psychology. In these chapters you will find the roots of the study of human rights deep within sociological research and thinking as well as emerging techniques that will push the discipline as it seeks to expand understanding of human rights together with so many other aspects of the social condition. (shrink)

It is generally acknowledged that there were two schisms in the early history of the phenomenological movement. The first, the Great Phenomenological Schism, started between 1905 and 1913, as many of his younger contemporaries, for example Pfänder, Scheler, Reinach, Stein, and Ingarden, rejected Husserl’s transformation of phenomenology from the descriptive psychology of the Logical Investigations into the transcendental idealism of Ideas I. The second, the Phenomenological-Existential Schism, happened between 1927 and 1933, as it emerged that with Being and Time Heidegger’s (...) philosophy had moved away from Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology of consciousness toward an ontological analytic of human existence as the way to an interpretation of the question of the meaning of Being. This paper is about neither the first schism per se nor the second schism per se but about the relationship between the two. It suggests that the first schism anticipated the second and the second recapitulated the first, so that, although the first could have occurred without the second, the second would not have happened as it did without the first. It also indicates that the second schism lies temporally much closer to the first schism than has been hitherto appreciated. Above all, the paper seeks an answer to this question: How do the Great Phenomenological Schism and the Phenomenological-Existential Schism illuminate one another philosophically? (shrink)

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also called Badshah Khan, is a nearly unknown champion of nonviolence in South Asia and a forgotten Muslim ally of Mohandas Gandhi. The story of Khan's Khudai Khidmatgars movement in what was to become Pakistan is not only inspirational but also instructive, exploding as it does several widespread myths about nonviolence. Today, the United States is embroiled in that region in the longest war in American history and among the Pashtun people from whom Khan arose. (...) Thus his story, according to this article, has a revolutionary potential. When young Malala Yousafzai cited Badshah Khan in a speech at the United Nations in 2013, therefore, she may have done more good than she realized. (shrink)

Fundamentals of Tibetan Buddhist logical studies.

"De la enseñanza teológica en España" es uno de los artículos de Laverde en su libro de ensayos publicado en 1868. En él defiende la recuperación de la Teología española y el pase de esos estudios a los Seminarios diocesanos. Novedosa, en este sentido, es la sugerencia de creación de un "gran Seminario Normal" nacional precedente de las Universidades Eclesiásticas.

This article revisits the concept of great prose originally proposed by Merleau-Ponty to stress the importance of literary language in the problem of the expression of truth. To achieve this objective, the main theses of the course given by Merleau-Ponty in the 1953-1954 academic year, titled Le problème de la parole, will be discussed. A characterization of literary language and its ability to express the meaning of perception will follow. Finally, the need to incorporate literary expression in the elaboration of (...) a philosophy of the sensible will be considered. (shrink)

En el problema filosófico sobre la existencia de Dios se levanta, por la parte negativa, un famoso argumento, conocido ya y contestado desde antiguo, pero que algunos siguen exhibiendo triunfalmente como prueba irrecusable de ateísmo... Es de una forma u otra el argumento que se apoya en la existencia del mal.Pero son muy pocos los que han tomado la molestia de hacer un análisis racional de dicho argumento y de sus nada claras presuposiciones. Es lo que ahora vamos a intentar, (...) con la brevedad que impone este tipo de escritos y con la claridad que la dificultad misma del tema lo permita, aparte de la imbecilidad propia del autor.. (shrink)

Hemos ingeniado numerosos juegos para solazarnos; jugamos en las relaciones sociales desempeñando papeles con sus pertinentes máscaras; y el mundo semeja un gran juego que avanza subyugado por reglas, en el que, armados de nuestros saberes, jugamos para mantenernos vivos y vivir de la mejor manera. Mas aquí no se acaba el juego: resulta que el mundo, que es uno entre los posibles, debe de haberse impuesto, sin duda, a otras combinaciones de cartas en una recóndita partida de póquer (...) de un jugar inasible y difuso que rehúye nuestras concepciones. Porque, si bien de los juegos que hemos construido sabemos el qué, el para qué y el cómo, no podemos decir lo mismo del juego del mundo, inscrito a su vez en una maraña que juega sin límite y en la que nos vislumbramos. Por ello hemos de aclarar en qué consiste este juego último, para intentar descubrir a qué juega todo y a qué juega el ser humano. A ello ha venido consagrándose la Metafísica con estrategias varias: la Metafísica es también un juego, un juego de nociones, y a él se aplica este ensayo pretendiendo jugar con el mayor tino aun sin obtener ganancia. Así pues, este no es un libro de filosofía, contra lo que proclama el título; esto es un entretejido de partidas de un juego desesperado donde el jugador se juega el mundo, la vida, el pensamiento, el hombre y hasta a sí mismo. Con el molde del juego probaremos a concebir la realidad entera y a digerir la temática filosófica en sus tópicos más relevantes. Porque en este escrito la palabra juego funcionará como un significante flotante (en la nomenclatura estructuralista), como un valor simbólico cero, susceptible de aplicarse a cualquier fenómeno, y útil para conexionar nuestras inquietudes en los escenarios más diversos. Con dicha táctica, este libro recorrerá los problemas fundamentales de la filosofía para ofrecer al lector una visión aventurera al mismo tiempo que coherente. Empezando por un juego de solitario, el del Yo pensante, nos abriremos al pensamiento y al mundo, como juego en que participamos los hombres; veremos cómo en él se constituye el sentido o ser de las cosas, y cómo ese juego nos catapulta a un Gran Juego columbrado, al Juego de Ser (por llamarlo de algún modo), a un jugar sin sujeto y sin reglas al que no cabe aplicarle nuestras nociones. En tal juego intervenimos los hombres y efectuamos nuestras apuestas con los otros y con nosotros mismos y ante la muerte. Este libro se dirige a los jugadores genuinos, a los amantes del juego al margen de su resultado, dispuestos a los triunfos y a las derrotas, y a la derrota definitiva, sabedores de que todo es un juego después de todo. Emprenderemos, pues, un juego en sentido estricto y en sentido laxo, habida cuenta de que el ser y la nada, la verdad y el conocimiento, el mundo y las cosas, el hombre y el Yo pensante, la sociedad y la historia, el bien y el mal, Dios y el absurdo, la transcendencia y la muerte… son piezas, cartas o fichas con que nos hemos topado en un juego que nos abarca y al que nos sentimos arrojados. En cuanto juego, este libro, verdadero curso de filosofía para jugadores, aspira solo a que sus jugadas cuadren. (shrink)

En Self-Constitution. Agency, Identity, and Integrity (2009), Christine Korsgaard defiende la conclusión de que el imperativo categórico rige la acción humana porque es el único principio que permite alcanzar la unidad psíquica plena, la cual, según Korsgaard, es un prerrequisito esencial para la acción efectiva. Para los agentes humanos, alcanzar esa unidad -que consiste en hacer coherentes distintos impulsos hacia la acción- es una actividad constante, denominada "autoconstitución". De acuerdo con Korsgaard, ésta es la fuente originaria de la normatividad y (...) de las identidades prácticas e incluso de la identidad personal. Después de exponer las ideas centrales del libro, presento dos objeciones: primero, critico la equiparación del imperativo categórico con la autoconstitución exitosa, pues no toda falla de auto-constitución es una falla moral. Segundo, argumento que la tesis de que la identidad personal es producto de la autoconstitución es problemática y que, al defenderla, Korsgaard confunde identidad práctica con identidad personal. In Self-Constitution. Agency, Identity, and Integrity (2009), Christine Korsgaard argues that the categorical imperative rules human action because it is the sole principle that allows us to reach the complete psychic unity that, Korsgaard thinks, is an essential prerequisite for effective action. Reaching this unity -which consists in making cohere diverging impulses for action- is for human agents a constant activity called "self-constitution." According to Korsgaard, this activity is the source of normativity, of human practical identities and even of personal identity. After explaining the main ideas of the book, I present two objections. First, I criticize the linkage of the categorical imperative to successful self-constitution, for not every failure of the latter counts as a moral failure. Second, I argue that the thesis that personal identity is a product of self-constitution is problematic and that it betrays a confusion between practical identity and personal identity. (shrink)

Книга посвящена системе миропонимания, которая называется Ноокосмология.

This work focuses on the reading and analysis of the work of Nicholas Machiavelli made by the Argentinian historian José Luis Romero in several of his historical and historiographical writings. It attends, particularly, to the assessment that Romero has made of the famous Florentine thinker as historian. From this perspective, it will be studied the impact of the Machiavellian work on the thought and intellectual work of the Argentinian academician. This work seeks to show that Machiavelli was, for the aforementioned (...) author of the 20th Century, a source of inspiration, a master in the analysis of “the real reality” and an example of commitment to public affairs. However, Machiavelli's work entailed a strong warning for him: there must be proper balance between academic rigor and political com­mitment, between the historian's own claim to truth and the citizen's ideological position. (shrink)

Filósofos como Marcuse han subrayado las propiedades liberadoras del quehacer artístico. Pero si hemos de pensar el arte como el Gran Rechazo, es necesario mostrar qué rechaza el arte y con qué busca sustituirlo. Respecto a estas preguntas, existen dos respuestas antagónicas. Mientras una busca en la experiencia artística rechazar lo dado en nombre de una verdad intemporal, la otra también reniega de lo dado, pero admite el carácter provisorio de toda verdad. Aunque en apariencia sutil, esta distinción es (...) sustancial. A partir de una lectura de Platón, muestro por qué en la primera posición no hay cabida para lo humano, y por qué de ella se desprenden implicaciones totalitarias. Para caracterizar a la segunda posición, me sirvo de la concepción estética de Octavio Paz y de la propuesta escultórica de Alexander Calder. Ambas propuestas permiten conciliar la insatisfacción que palpita en el arte con la alteridad que caracteriza a lo humano. (shrink)

https://revistes.uab.cat/enrahonar/article/view/v35-gerhardt.