1. Sae sidae rŭl yŏrŏ gan saramdŭl -- 2. Ŏdum ŭi sidae.

The sport industry is an extremely diverse industry, including segments such as professional sport, intercollegiate athletics, health and fitness, recreational sport and facility management. The industry is currently experiencing rapid growth and development, and as it grows, sport managers in the different segments encounter ethical issues which are often unique to each segment. This article examines the professional sport, intercollegiate athletics, health and fitness, recreational sport and facility management segments of the sport industry and discusses the various ethical issues facing (...) managers in each of these segments. (shrink)

Professor Davidson's anomalous monism has been subject to the criticism that, despite advertisements to the contrary, if it were true mental properties would be epiphenomenal. To this Davidson has replied that his critics have misunderstood his views concerning the extensional nature of causal relations and the intensional character of causal explanations. I call this his ‘extension reply’. This paper argues that there are two ways to read Davidson's ‘extension reply’; one weaker and one stronger. But the dilemma is that: the (...) weak extension reply on its own isn't sufficient to support the principle of the nomological character of causality, anything strong enough to support that principle under the weak extension reply would be strong enough to warrant the strong extension reply; but the strong extension reply threatens the very stability of anomalous monism by threatening the causal potency and reality of the mental. For these reasons, I claim that either version of the ‘extension reply’ is bad news for anomalous monism. I conclude by suggesting that a form of absolute idealism circumvents the very assumptions that generate these kinds of difficulty for committed monists. (shrink)

I. Wŏnhyo esŏ An Chung-gŭn kkaji -- II. Yu Yŏng-mo esŏ Kim Tae-jung kkaji.

A plurality or plural object is a single object that is also many, and pluralitism is the thesis that there is such an object. This paper argues that pluralitism and closely related theses (e.g., the many-one identity thesis and the composition as identity thesis) violate logic. To do so, it formulates an approach to the logic and semantics of plural constructions that results in plural logic and relates treatments of plural constructions to accounts of natural number. And it gives a (...) critical examination of Frege’s views of numbers and plural constructions, and sketches the view of plural constructions as devices for talking about the many (as such), and an account of natural numbers as properties of a special kind, plural properties. (shrink)

★ 추천사 이 글묵(책)은 ‘말뜸’이다. 말을 하되 온몸으로 하는 말, 다시 말해 문제의 제기요, 해결이다. 이 글묵은 ‘길내(과학)’의 샘이다. 원효와 마르크스, 두 사상가를 마주 앉히되 둘이 걸치고 있는 모든 것, 사상과 이론뿐이랴, 권위와 명예, 품새까지 홀랑 벗겨 신자유주의의 폭학과 만행에 정면으로 부대끼게 했다. 이 글묵은 ‘한내’다. 일꾼들의 몸에서 배어 나오는 땀 한 방울, 피 한 방울, 눈물 한 방울이 모여서 큰 흘떼(강)를 일구는, 이 우주를 이르는. —백기완 (통일문제연구소 소장) 필자는 사회적 문제의식이 충만한 인문학자이자 우리 사회의 진보를 위해 싸워온 실천적 지식인이다. (...) 그는 원효와 마르크스의 대화에 기반을 두고 대중의 눈부처-주체로의 등장과, 탐욕과 착취의 자본주의를 끝장내고 새로운 코뮌적 공동체로의 이행을 모색한다. 진보의 문제를 근원적으로 성찰해보길 바라는 모든 분께 일독을 권한다. —김세균 (정의당 공동대표, 서울대 명예교수) 정의와 평화를 향한 이도흠 교수의 신념과 열정은 금생만의 것이 아닌 듯하다. 국문학자이며 불교학자이기도 한 저자는 해박한 인문학적 지식을 바탕으로 줄기차게 이론과 실천의 종합을 꾀하며 ‘거리의 인문학자’ ‘행동하는 지식인’으로 자리매김한 지 이미 오래다. 인간이 한낱 자본의 노예로 전락하고 환경재앙과 경제공황의 유령이 출몰하는 이 위기의 시대에 저자는 이제 ‘원효와 마르크스의 대화’를 통해 한 줄기 푸른 희망의 바람을 풀어놓는다. —박경준 (동국대 불교학과 교수, 전 불교학연구회 회장) 이 책은 무엇보다도 이 시대가 당면한 절실한 주제를 매우 성실하고 포괄적으로, 그리고 깊이 있게 논의하고 있다. 학문이 현실 문제를 도외시하고 다만 순수한 이론적 탐색에 머물러 있을 것이란 편견을 송두리째 깨는 이론적 작업이 이 책임은 두말할 필요가 없다. 그는 글을 위한 글을 쓰지 않는다. 현장으로 달려가 아파하고 공감하고, 함께하면서 이를 성찰하고 이론적 작업을 거쳐 글을 쓴다. 그의 글에는 부족함이 있을지언정 거짓이나 꾸밈은 없다. 그래서 그의 글은 믿을 수 있다. 나는 남김없이, 또 주저 없이 이 책을 권한다. 이제는 한계에 이른 이 시대를 넘어설 새로운 사유의 계기를 볼 수 있기를 바란다. —신승환 (가톨릭대 철학과 교수, 전 한국하이데거학회 회장) ★ 책 소개 자본주의에 물든 ‘지금, 여기’에 대한 원효와 마르크스의 시대진단, 새로운 대안의 패러다임 ‘거리의 인문학자’ ‘행동하는 지식인’으로 불리며 노동자의 편에 서서 그들을 대변하며 싸워온 한양대 국문학과 이도흠 교수. 그동안 4대강사업 반대운동, 희망버스와 쌍용자동차 해고노동자 복직운동, 세월호 참사 등 한국 교수 가운데 집회와 투쟁 현장에 가장 많이 참여하며 한국 사회 변혁에 앞장서온 이도흠 교수가 오랜 세월간의 고민과 현장에서의 투쟁을 아로새긴 신간 『원효와 마르크스의 대화』(자음과모음, 뉴아카이브 총서)를 내놓았다. 이 책은 자본주의에 물든 ‘지금, 여기’에 대한 통렬한 시대진단이자 인간다운 삶, 진정한 공동체적 사회를 모색하는 한 사람의 도저한 사유와 글쓰기, 치열한 투쟁의 흔적이다. 책의 부제인 ‘인류의 위기에 대한’에서 알 수 있듯 저자는 우리 사회에 일어나는 모든 문제의 원인이 자본주의에 있고, 이 자본주의의 병폐로부터 벗어나는 것이 중요하다고 이야기한다. 그리고 서양과 동양 이론에서 일어난 각각의 문제를 서로의 장점으로 아우르고 적용하며 실천하는 것에서 인간다운 삶의 구현이 가능하며, 이에 대한 방편으로 원효와 마르크스라는 두 사상가를 과감히 마주 앉히고 대화를 시도한다. 일견 이질적으로 보이는 이 두 사상가의 대화를 저자가 시도한 까닭은, 마르크시즘을 비롯한 서양 이론이 지닌 실체론과 이분법, 동일성의 문제를 불교의 연기론과 퍼지(fuzzy)식 논리, 차이의 사유를 통해 새로운 그릇에 담을 수 있기 때문이고, 관념론에 치우쳐 과학성과 합리성을 결여한 불교의 문제를 과학적이고 합리적인 분석과 방법론을 지향하는 마르크스와 서양 이론을 통해 유심론과 유물론을 아우를 수 있기 때문이다. 원효와 마르크스의 대화를 통해 결국 저자는 ‘서로가 깊은 연관을 맺고서 찰나의 순간에도 서로 조건이 되고 영향을 미치고 의지하며 서로를 만들어주는 상호생성자(inter-becoming)’로서의 삶, ‘타인을 생성시키고 타자의 아픔에 공감하며 자기 안의 인간다운 본성을 형성하는 눈부처-주체’로서의 삶을 살기를 제안하고, 이를 위해서는 반드시 자본주의의 해체가 이루어져야 하며, 이 자본주의의 해체는 원효와 마르크스의 대화를 통해 가능하다고 믿고 그 믿음을 실제로 이루어가려는 노력에 있음을 이야기한다. 『원효와 마르크스의 대화』는 인류에게 닥친 전 지구적 위기를 더는 부정하거나 망각할 경우 희망은 결코 오지 않을 것이라는 문제의식 아래 인류 및 한국 사회의 핵심 위기에 관한 10개의 주제를 ‘전 지구 차원의 환경 위기’ ‘타자에 대한 배제와 폭력과 학살’ ‘인간성의 상실과 외의 심화’ ‘제국의 수탈 및 신자유주의 세계화의 모순’ ‘과학기술의 도구화와 상품화’ ‘근대성의 위기’ ‘분단모순의 심화와 동아시아의 전쟁 위기’ ‘욕망의 과잉’ ‘정보화사회의 모순’ ‘가상성과 재현의 위기’로 규정한다. 그리고 이에 대해 원효의 화쟁 사상과 마르크스를 중심으로 하되, 서양의 여러 사상과 이론을 망라 ‧ 진단 ‧ 분석한 다음 화쟁 사상을 바탕으로 새로운 패러다임을 제시하고 개인의 깨달음과 사회변혁을 변증법적인 동시에 대대적(對待的)으로 종합해 대안을 모색하는 구성을 취하고 있다. 이 책을 통해 독자들은 다시금 우리 사회가 나아가야 할 길이 어디에 있는지, 진보란 무엇인지 성찰할 수 있을 것이고, 아직 끝나지 않은 자본주의에 대한 논쟁을 해결하고 우리 공동의 행복으로 나아가는 삶의 길에 대해 다시금 생각해볼 수 있을 것이다. “모든 문제의 근본 원인은 자본주의 체제에 있다 자본주의의 해체 없이 인간다운 삶과 공동체는 불가능하다” 1장 「전 지구 차원의 환경 위기: 사회생태론 대(對) 불일불이(不一不二)의 연기론」에서는 38퍼센트의 생물이 멸종 위기에 있는 환경위기의 실상을 제시하고 이에 대한 대안인 서양의 생태론과 마르크스의 자연관을 비판적으로 검토한다. 인간과 자연을 둘로 나누고 전자에 우월권을 주는 서양의 폭력적 이분법의 패러다임에서는 홍수를 막기 위해 인간이 자연의 도전에 맞서서 댐을 쌓는 방식의 대안을 제시하며, 이는 물이 흐르면서 스스로 정화하는 것을 막아 오염시킨다. 반면에 불일불이의 패러다임에서는 댐을 헐어버리고 강의 유역을 넓혀 실개천을 조성하고 숲을 만든다. 씨와 열매 각각은 공(空)하지만 씨가 자신을 죽여 열매를 맺고 열매가 자신을 썩혀 씨를 생성하듯, 실제로 함양의 태수였던 최치원이 위천의 홍수를 막기 위해 조성한 함양의 숲, 상림(上林)은 물이 나무의 양분이 되고 나무가 물을 품어주는 방식으로 천여 년 동안 홍수를 막으면서도 물이 맑게 흐르게 했다. 이처럼 불일불이의 패러다임에 따라 모든 생명이 공존하는 화쟁의 생태론을 펼치면서 마르크스를 생태론적으로 재해석하며 인간의 자연화와 자연의 인간화를 종합한 구체적 대안들을 제시한다. 2장 「타자에 대한 배제와 폭력, 학살: 폭력론 · 평화론 대(對) 변동어이(辨同於異)의 눈부처-차이론」에서는 요한 갈퉁의 평화론과 마르크스의 폭력이론을 비판적으로 해석하면서 인간의 폭력과 집단학살의 원인이 한나 아렌트가 주장한 ‘순전한 생각 없음’이나 스탠리 밀그램이 지적한 ‘상황과 권위에 대한 복종’만이 아니라 타자를 배제해 동일성을 강화하려는 데서 비롯함을 밝힌다. 나아가 원효의 변동어이론을 현대적으로 해석, 찰나의 순간에도 나의 호흡으로 대기가 변하고 그 대기가 동시에 나와 타인의 몸으로 들어가서 몸을 변화시키듯, 인간 존재가 서로 영향을 미치고 조건이 되고 인과관계를 맺으면서 서로를 생성하는 상호생성자(inter-becoming)로서 눈부처-주체임을 제시하며 동일성으로 회귀하지 않는 눈부처-차이를 통한 공존의 철학, 타인의 고통에 대한 공감을 바탕으로 한 연대, 구조적 폭력의 제거를 통한 적극적 평화 등의 대안을 펼친다. 3장 「인간성의 상실과 소외의 심화: 소외론 대(對) 진속불이(眞俗不二)의 눈부처-주체론」에서는 마르크스와 프랑크푸르트학파 이론을 바탕으로 자본주의 체제에서 물화와 소외의 원인과 양상을 분석하고 이의 대안이었던 마르크스의 노동이론, 혁명론과 68혁명의 사례를 비판적으로 검토한다. 진화생물학과 인류학, 인지과학을 종합해 인간이 이기와 이타, 선과 악이 공존하고, 자신이 욕망하는 것을 타인에게서 빼앗아 소유하려는 동시에 거울신경체계(mirror neuron system)를 통해 타자의 아픔에 공감하는 모순적 존재임을 밝히고, 진속불이론을 재해석, 타자의 아픔에 공감하고 그를 자유롭게 하는 순간에 진정으로 자유를 완성하는 개인들의 연합에 의한 코뮌을 대안으로 제시한다. 4장 「제국의 수탈 및 신자유주의 세계화의 모순: 세계혁명론 대(對) 화쟁의 사회경제학과 눈부처-공동체론」에서는 1퍼센트가 전체 부의 20퍼센트를 독점하면서 불평등을 심화하고 민주주의마저 해체하는 신자유주의의 모순을 분석하고, 마르크스는 물론 피케티와 스티글리츠 등의 대안들을 비판적으로 검토한다. 거대 이윤의 원천은 시장이 아니라 시장의 작동을 억제하는 독점이기에 공정한 시장이나 윤리적 자본주의란 불가능한 유토피아다. M(자본)-C(상품 생산)-M'(잉여가치 착취를 통해 축적된 자본)에서 M-C축에서는 희망버스와 같은 노동거부로, C-M'축에서는 욕망의 자발적 절제에 의한 소비의 최소화로 자본주의를 해체하는 실천이 필요하지만 여러 요인으로 쉽지 않다. 불교의 노동관과 호혜적 교환에 바탕을 둔 화쟁의 사회경제학을 정립하고, 정과 한의 신명을 바탕으로 한 한국의 두레 공동체를 계승하고 마르크스의 ‘자유로운 개인들의 연합’과 다산 정약용의 여전제를 종합, 타자와 연대하면서 세계의 부조리와 불의에 저항하는 눈부처주체들이 공동생산하고 정의롭게 분배하면서 개인의 이기심도 충족하는 눈부처공동체를 지역 곳곳에 세우고 나아가 세계공화국을 건설한다. 5장 「과학기술의 도구화와 상품화: 과학기술주의 비판 대(對) 일심(一心)의 체용(體用)론」에서는 미신과 주술로부터 인간을 해방시켰던 과학이 현대사회와 자본주의 체제에서 도구화하고 상품화하는 것을 비판함과 아울러 이의 대안이었던 신과학의 사이비성과 신비주의에 대해서도 비판한다. 양자물리학과 진화생물학, 인류학을 바탕으로 우주의 창조와 생명의 진화, 인류의 형성에 신이 관여한 흔적이 없으며 만들어진 허구임을 밝히면서도 존재하지 않지만 어디에나 계신 신의 의미를 따져보고, 과학과 정신을 종합한다. 원전마피아 등 과학이 자본에 종속되는 것을 해체하고 과학의 윤리성과 객관성을 담보하는 방안을 모색하고, 진리가 작용과 운동을 통해 드러나면서 현상을 구성하는 동시에 감추고, 현상이 다시 진리를 품는 작용과 현상과 진리 사이의 관계망을 밝히면서 석굴암처럼 자연의 원리에 따라 엔트로피가 제로에 가까운 새로운 과학의 가능성을 탐색한다. 6장 「근대성의 위기: 포스트모더니즘 비판 대(對) 인언견언(因言遣言)론」에서는 토대와 상부구조의 틀에서 중세성과 근대성, 탈근대성의 개념을 총체적으로 규정하고, 환경위기, 소외의 심화, 이성중심주의 등 근대성의 모순을 비판하면서 데리다 등 포스트모더니즘 사상과 이론의 오류와 한계에 대해서도 신랄하게 비판한다. 소쉬르, 퍼스 등의 기호학과 불교의 언어관을 비교하면서 언어의 공성(空性)에 대해 따져본 다음 마르크스와 원효를 종합해 ‘지금 여기에서’ 진리를 확정하고 이를 향해 실천하는 길, 텍스트와 기표에 맥락과 역사를 부여하고, 이성중심주의를 비판하면서도 소통적인 합리성을 추구하고, 주체의 동일성의 폭력을 넘어서서 세계의 부조리를 인식하고 이를 극복하기 위해 실천하면서도 타자와 상생하는 길을 모색한다. 예술적 차원에서는 현실을 거울처럼 반영하는 반영상과 프리즘처럼 굴절하는 굴절상의 화쟁을 추구한다. 7장 「분단모순의 심화와 동아시아의 전쟁 위기: 변증법적 통일론 대(對) 동아시아 화쟁체제론」에서는 먼저 통일의 장애와 극복책에 대해 따져본다. 남북 대결과 핵위기는 6자회담에서 핵과 평화협정을 맞바꾸어 한반도 평화 체제를 세우는 것으로, 점증하는 민족주의 및 타자에 대한 배제와 폭력 문제는 각국이 동일성에서 화쟁의 공존공영으로 패러다임을 전환하고 이를 제도화하는 것으로, 권력의 비대칭과 미국의 개입 문제는 구조적 폭력을 해소하는 적극적 평화 체제를 수립하는 것으로, 신자유주의 모순의 심화는 동아시아 시민과 서발턴(하위주체)의 연대를 바탕으로 화쟁의 동아시아 평화공동체를 건설하는 것으로 극복한다. 남북한의 통일은 자주, 평화, 정의와 복지, 인권과 생명 중시, 민주주의의 대원칙 아래 7단계의 통일방안을 실천한다. 곧, ① 남북의 통일을 위한 최소 합의를 하고, ② 평화협정을 체결하며, ③ 남한과 북한 사이의 다양한 교류와 협력을 활성화하며, ④ 남북한의 시민을 대표로 하는 ‘화쟁코리아위원회(가칭)’를 구성하고, 북에 자본주의 마을과 정당, 남에 공산주의 마을과 정당을 세워 서로 대대적으로 회통하는 화쟁 코리아를 건설하며, ⑤ 남북의 국가연합을 하고, ⑥ 낮은 단계의 연방제로 전환하고, ⑦ 완전한 통일국가를 이룩한다. 8장 「욕망의 과잉: 욕망이론 대(對) 화쟁의 마음론」에서는 프로이트와 라캉을 바탕으로 인간과 본능, 욕망, 욕동의 관계를 살피고, 마르크스와 들뢰즈를 중심으로 자본주의 체제에서 욕망의 흐름과 탐욕이 증대된 원인과 양상을 살핀다. 정신과 육체, 유심론과 유물론, 더 나아가 불교의 유식학과 마르크시즘, 정신분석학, 인지과학, 진화생물학을 한데 종합하여, 우주기원종자와 생명기원종자, 인류기원종자 등 여러 종자들과 기억인자들이 알라야식에서 마나스식, 전육식을 오고 가며 뇌의 신경세포와 시냅스를 통하여 발현하며 마음을 작동하는 원리를 밝힌다. 성선설과 성악설은 윤리적 당위일 뿐이고 인류학과 생물학을 종합하여 과학적으로 따져보면, 인간은 자신의 유전자를 확대하려는 본능을 지향하는 ‘생존기계(survival machine)’이자 사회를 형성하여 타자와 협력하면서 공존을 모색하는 유전적 키메라(genetic chimera)다. 선과 악이 공존하는 인간에게 선의 종자만 발아하여 선의 꽃밭을 만들고 악의 종자는 발아하지 않게 하는 방법은 8가지-① 노동과 생산의 분배를 정의롭고 공평하게 관장하는 체제 ② 타자에 대한 공감, ③ 의미의 창조, ④ 사회 시스템과 제도, 문화 ⑤ 문화, 타자의 시선 및 행위, ⑥ 수행, ⑦ 공감협력 교육을 비롯한 집단학습, ⑧ 법과 규약-이다. 9장 「정보화사회의 모순: 디지털정치경제학 대(對) 순이불순(順而不順)의 공유경제론」에서는 정보화사회에 대해 정치, 경제, 사회문화영역으로 나누어 정보의 공유와 집단지성을 통한 민주화와 세계화 등 밝은 면과 정보격차, 혼란, 제국주의화, 전체주의화 등 어두운 면을 냉정하게 통찰한다. 마르크스를 바탕으로 정보재의 가치 문제를 분석하고 디지털 지대는 등가교환이지만, 포털의 경우 페이스북이나 트위터처럼 네티즌의 쏠림에 의하여 독점적 성격을 갖기에 부등가교환으로 전환하며, 초기에는 기술혁신에 의하여 초과이윤이 발생한 것이기에 평등교환이지만, 점차 이 부분은 희미해지고 네티즌의 접속에 의해 초과이윤이 발생하기에 불평등교환으로 전환함을 밝힌다. 아울러, 제러미 리프킨의 한계비용제로와 공유 경제의 가능성과 한계를 비판적으로 검토한 후 따르기도 하고 따르지 않기도 하는 순이불순의 원리와 집단지성을 바탕으로 자본주의를 해체하고, 잉여가치의 착취와 노동의 소외가 없는 화쟁의 공유경제를 달성할 수 있는 길을 모색한다. 10장 「가상성과 재현의 위기: 재현의 위기론 대(對) 화엄의 현실론」에서는 복사본이 원본을 대체하고 소설과 영화가 현실을 재현하는 것이 아니라 그 반대로 대중이 영화나 광고를 흉내내어 현실을 구성하고 가상성과 현실이 공존하고 이미지와 기표가 의미를 대체하는 디지털 사회의 재현의 위기론(the crisis of representation)의 타당성과 한계에 대하여 사회문화, 기호학, 철학, 예술의 영역으로 나누어 분석한다. 이에 대하여 마르크스의 입장에서 기호와 텍스트에 물질성과 맥락을 부여하고 권력의 해석지배에 저항하는 길을 제시한다. 더 나아가 화엄사상을 매개로 현실과 환상, 역사와 현실, 영화와 현실 사이의 화쟁을 이루는 다양한 방안을 강구하는 한편, 가상과 현실이 공존하는 매트릭스적 실존 속에서 상상계, 상징계, 현실, 이데올로기 및 각종 환상 사이의 관계를 분석하면서 거짓과 허상을 밝혀내고 주체적인 현실을 구성할 수 있는 길을 모색한다. 저자 이도흠은 이렇게 총 10장에 걸쳐서 마르크스와 원효를 중심으로 서양의 사상과 이론을 불교와 결합해 인류사회의 위기를 분석하고 「맺음말」에서 대안의 길을 종합한다. 이 작업을 통해 저자가 내린 결론은 크게 세 가지다. 모든 문제의 근본 원인은 자본주의 체제에 있고 자본주의의 해체 없이 인간다운 삶과 공동체는 불가능하다. 자본주의는 앞으로 50년 안에 이윤율의 저하, 재생에너지, 집단 지성과 공유경제, 지역 공동체와 협동조합 등 새로운 흐름과 대중의 운동에 의해 붕괴되고 새로운 세계가 들어설 것이다. 이는 억압에서 벗어나려는 소극적 자유(from freedom), 거듭남과 깨달음, 진정한 자기실현을 이루는 적극적 자유(to freedom), 타자와 연대하여 그를 행복하게 하는 적극적 자유(for freedom)를 종합한 눈부처주체에 의한 화쟁의 세계 체제다. ★ 이 책의 특징과 장점 1. 새로운 패러다임과 구체적인 대안 제시 원효의 화쟁 사상을 바탕으로 서양의 포스트모던 철학을 넘어서서 새로운 패러다임을 제시하면서도 마르크스와 서양의 이론을 적용, 구체적인 대안을 제시한다. 2. 이질적인 마르크스와 불교의 종합 마르크스와 원효의 원전을 꼼꼼하게 해석해 인류와 한국 사회의 위기를 분석하고 종합한다. 저자는 개인의 변화와 세계의 변혁이 함께 이루어져야 한다고 보고, 초역사적이고 관념적인 불교에는 마르크스와 서양이론을 통해 과학적이고 합리적인 분석틀과 방법론, 역사성과 사회성을 결합한다. 그리고 마르크시즘에는 불교의 이분법과 실체론을 넘어선 중도와 연기의 패러다임을 입히고 일심을 지향하도록 한다. 3. 여러 학문의 융복합은 물론 최근의 세계 학계의 성과를 회통함 동양과 서양, 문학과 철학, 역사만이 아니라 진화생물학, 인류학, 인지과학, 양자물리학, 사회학 분야의 2014~2015년의 세계 학계의 최근의 성과를 수용해 하나로 회통하고 있다. 4. 구체적이고 실증적인 자료를 통한 분석 진보진영의 논의가 대개 당위적이고 선언적인데, 국내외 연구소, 국제기구의 보고서와 국내외 신문에 실린 최근의 구체적인 통계와 수치, 자료를 최대한 수집해 이를 바탕으로 실증적이고 객관적인 분석을 한 후에 진단하고 평가하면서 대안을 제시한다. 5. 난해한 사상을 쉽게 에세이 형식으로 기술하면서도 웅숭깊게 함 원효와 마르크스는 물론, 들뢰즈, 데리다, 라캉 등 난해한 사상과 이론을 장황하지 않은 범위에서 최대한 쉽게 풀어서 설명하며 자신의 생각을 담아 종합하고 있다. 6. 현장과 책상머리의 종합 인문학이 ‘지금, 여기에서’ 사회적 약자들의 고통을 공감하는 데서 출발해야 한다는 저자는 투쟁 현장과 책상을 오고 가며 직접 몸으로 겪은 현실과 이를 깊이 있게 분석하는 이론을 끊임없이 변증법적으로 종합했기에 현장성이 있으면서도 일반화하며 보편적 설득력을 담고 있다. 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In this essay, I develop the concept of episodic value, which describes a form of value connected to a particular object or individual expressed and delivered through a narrative. Narrative can bestow special kinds of value on objects, as exemplified by auction articles or museum collections. To clarify the nature of episodic value, I show how the notion of episodic value fundamentally differs from the traditional axiological picture. I extend my discussion of episodic value to argue that the notion of (...) episodic value readily incorporates the role of narratives into the construction of identity in personal and social contexts. My main contentions are twofold. First, events or experiences from our personal narratives are episodically valuable insofar as they contribute to shaping our narrative identities. Second, when engaged in a collective action, we write a joint narrative with other participants that confers special meanings on the actions of each participant. (shrink)

Importance: Given the importance of apathy for stroke, we felt it was time to scrutinize the psychometric properties of the commonly used Starkstein Apathy Scale for this purpose.Objectives: The objectives were to: estimate the extent to which the SAS items fit a hierarchical continuum of the Rasch Model; and estimate the strength of the relationships between the Rasch analyzed SAS and converging constructs related to stroke outcomes.Methods: Data was from a clinical trial of a community-based intervention targeting participation. A total (...) of 857 SAS questionnaires were completed by 238 people with stroke from up to 5 time points. SAS has 14 items, rated on a 4-point scale with higher values indicating more apathy. Psychometric properties were tested using Rasch partial-credit model, correlation, and regression. Items were rescored so higher scores are interpreted as lower apathy levels.Results: Rasch analysis indicated that the response options were disordered for 8/14 items, pointing to unreliability in the interpretation of the response options; they were consequently reduced from 4 to 3. Only 9/14 items fit the Rasch model and therefore suitable for creating a total score. The new rSAS was deemed unidimensional. Apathy was correlated weakly with anxiety/depression and uncorrelated with physical capacity. Regression showed that the effect of apathy on participation and health perception was similar for rSAS/SAS versions: R2 participation measures ranged from 0.11 to 0.29; R2 for health perception was ∼0.25. When placed on the same scale, rSAS value was 6.5 units lower than SAS value with minimal floor/ceiling effects. Estimated change over time was identical which was not substantial but greater than expected assuming no change.Conclusion: The retained items of the rSAS targeted domains of behaviors more than beliefs and results support the rSAS as a robust measure of apathy in people with chronic stroke. (shrink)

Professor Davidson's anomalous monism has been subject to the criticism that, despite advertisements to the contrary, if it were true mental properties would be epiphenomenal. To this Davidson has replied that his critics have misunderstood his views concerning the extensional nature of causal relations and the intensional character of causal explanations. I call this his ‘extension reply’. This paper argues that there are two ways to read Davidson's ‘extension reply’; one weaker and one stronger. But the dilemma is that: the (...) weak extension reply on its own isn't sufficient to support the principle of the nomological character of causality, anything strong enough to support that principle under the weak extension reply would be strong enough to warrant the strong extension reply; but the strong extension reply threatens the very stability of anomalous monism by threatening the causal potency and reality of the mental. For these reasons, I claim that either version of the ‘extension reply’ is bad news for anomalous monism. I conclude by suggesting that a form of absolute idealism circumvents the very assumptions that generate these kinds of difficulty for committed monists. (shrink)

The paper studies the nature of understanding in condensed matter physics (CMP), mediated by the successful employment of its models. I first consider two obvious candidates for the criteria of model-based understanding, Van Fraassen's sense of empirical adequacy and Hacking's instrumental utility , and conclude that both are unsatisfactory. Inspired by Hasok Chang's recent proposal to reformulate realism as the pursuit of ontological plausibility in our system of knowledge, we may require the model under consideration to be understood (or intelligible) (...) before claiming model-based understanding. Here the understanding of a model typically consists of the following: figuring out at least one plausible (preferably realistic) physical mechanism for the model, determining the theoretical consequences of the model by mathematically probing it and developing our physical intuitions about the model. I consider the q-state Potts model to illustrate. After having understood a model, we may employ the model to understand its target phenomena in the world. This is done by matching one of the interpretative models of the model with the central features of the phenomena. The matching should be motivated (ideally both theoretically and empirically) in the sense that we have good reason to believe that the central features of the phenomena can be thought of as having more or less the same structure as postulated by the interpretative model. In conclusion, I propose a two-stage account of model-based understanding in CMP: (1) understanding of a model and (2) matching a target phenomenon with a well-motivated interpretative model of the model. Empirical success and instrumental utility both play their roles in the evaluation of how successful the model is, but are not the essential part of model-based understanding. (shrink)

ObjectiveSelf-esteem and self-acceptance are not only basic features but also influential factors of mental health. The present study aimed at assessing the effects of psychoeducational lecture and group intervention on self-esteem and self-acceptance in Chinese college students.MethodsA total of 149 Chinese college students who participated in a mental health course were randomly class-based assigned into the psychoeducational lecture group and the self-focused intervention group. The lecture group received 6-session psychoeducational lectures on overview of mental health, campus adaptation, stress adjustment, self-understanding, (...) emotion management, and interpersonal relationships. The self-focused intervention group was treated with self-related group activities involving aspects of self-knowledge, self-feeling, and self-regulation for six sessions. Pre- and post-intervention measurements were taken with Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Self-Acceptance Questionnaire for both groups.ResultsSelf-esteem significantly increased in both groups after six sessions. However, the enhancement of self-acceptance was more robust for the self-focused intervention group than the psychoeducational lecture group.ConclusionThe psychoeducational lecture and self-focused intervention were effective approaches to improve self-esteem for Chinese college students. With respect to self-acceptance, self-focused group intervention might have a more prominent effect. (shrink)

Job shop scheduling problem is one of the most difficult optimization problems in manufacturing industry, and flexible job shop scheduling problem is an extension of the classical JSP, which further challenges the algorithm performance. In FJSP, a machine should be selected for each process from a given set, which introduces another decision element within the job path, making FJSP be more difficult than traditional JSP. In this paper, a variant of grasshopper optimization algorithm named dynamic opposite learning assisted GOA is (...) proposed to solve FJSP. The recently proposed dynamic opposite learning strategy adopts the asymmetric search space to improve the exploitation ability of the algorithm and increase the possibility of finding the global optimum. Various popular benchmarks from CEC 2014 and FJSP are used to evaluate the performance of DOLGOA. Numerical results with comparisons of other classic algorithms show that DOLGOA gets obvious improvement for solving global optimization problems and is well-performed when solving FJSP. (shrink)

An introduction to the philosophy of ʻAzīz al-Dīn ibn Muḥammad Nasafī, 13th cent. and Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, d. 1641 about mysticism and politics in Iran.

The coupled growth of population aging and international migration warrants attention on the methods and solutions available to adult children living overseas to provide distance caregiving for their aging parents. Despite living apart from their parents, the transnational informal care literature has indicated that first-generation immigrants remain committed to carry out their filial caregiving obligations in extensive and creative ways. With functions to remotely access health information enabled by emergency, wearable, motion, and video sensors, remote monitoring technologies (RMTs) may thus (...) also allow these international migrants to be alerted in sudden changes and remain informed of their parent’s state of health. As technological solutions for caregiving, RMTs could allow independent living for older persons while any unusual deviations from normal health patterns are detected and appropriately supported. With a vignette of a distance care arrangement, we engage with concepts such as filial piety, in-absentia caregiving distress, and the social exchange theory, as well as the upholding of shifting cultural ideals to illustrate the complex dynamic of the satisfaction and quality of the informal caregiving relationship. This paper extends the traditional ethical issues in technology-aided caregiving, such as autonomy, privacy, and justice, to be considered within the context of distance care. We also posit newer ethical considerations such as consent in power imbalances, harm to caregivers, and stigma. These known and new ethical issues aim to encourage further ethically conscious design and use of RMTs to support distance care for older persons. (shrink)

The problem of God's subordination to laws of logic and mathematics in jewish philosophy and theology.

This study proposes a research model based on social identity theory, which examines the moderating role of organizational trust on the relationship between corporate citizenship and organizational commitment. In the model, organizational commitment is positively influenced by organizational trust and four dimensions of perceived corporate citizenship, including economic, legal, ethical and discretionary citizenship. The model paths are hypothesized to be moderated by organizational trust. Empirical testing using a survey of personnel from 12 large firms confirms most of our hypothesized effects. (...) Theoretical and managerial implications of our findings are discussed. (shrink)

This study proposes a research model based on social identity theory, which examines the moderating role of organizational trust on the relationship between corporate citizenship and organizational commitment. In the model, organizational commitment is positively influenced by organizational trust and four dimensions of perceived corporate citizenship, including economic, legal, ethical and discretionary citizenship. The model paths are hypothesized to be moderated by organizational trust. Empirical testing using a survey of personnel from 12 large firms confirms most of our hypothesized effects. (...) Theoretical and managerial implications of our findings are discussed. (shrink)

ObjectiveBasic combat training is a kind of necessary high-intensity training to help each military recruit convert into a qualified soldier. In China, both the physical fatigue and passive psychological state have been observed in new recruits during BCT. However, after same-intensity training, the degree of fatigue and passive mood vary among recruits. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of BCT on mood state of recruits with different physical fitness levels from a perspective of fatigue.Materials and methodsBefore and after (...) BCT, the degree of fatigue and mood state of participants were evaluated via the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale and Profile of Mood States Questionnaire immediately after 20 push-ups as RPE and POMS scores [total mood disturbance, passive mood and positive mood ]. The participants were divided into two groups according to the RPE score measured after BCT: group 1: RPE score after BCT < 13 and group 2: RPE score after BCT ≥ 13.ResultA total of 564 recruits were included. After BCT, in group 1, TMD and passive mood Ttension, Tfatigue, Tdepression, Tconfusion declined significantly, but positive mood both increased significantly ; while in group 2, only Tanger and Testeem increased significantly.ConclusionBCT could alleviate passive mood and add to positive mood for recruits with better physical fitness, while had no ameliorative effects on or even deteriorate most of the passive mood for recruits with worse physical fitness. (shrink)

This study adopts a stakeholder theory framework to examine determinants of social reporting quality and empirically test the ability of the theory to explain disclosure quality in an emerging economy. Using a sample of 246 listed companies and a hand-collected dataset that included 2 years of data based on survey questions reflecting international disclosure trends, we apply an aggregate measure of quality with five facets to a variety of corporate social responsibility areas. The results support the application and demonstrate that (...) measures of stakeholder power, strategic posture, economic resources, firm size, and media visibility are related to social disclosure quality. This paper adds to the scarce evidence on social reporting in Taiwan and provides a useful method for evaluating disclosure quality. It also illustrates the impact of two dominant foreign stakeholder groups on social disclosures in Taiwan: organizational buyers in the global supply chain and listing and social rating agencies in international capital markets. (shrink)

This article attempts to disentangle the semantics of zhai? in early medieval China, mostly from the third century to the sixth, by examining both Indian and Chinese Buddhist sources. It demonstrates that semantic shifts in the term reflect a changing ritual context, as Chinese Buddhism rapidly took form. The article consists of two parts. The first part looks into how the Po?adha S?tra was first introduced to China and how the word po?adha was employed in early?gama scriptures and the vinayas (...) translated before the middle of the fifth century. The second part examines the reception history of the lay po?adha and the transformation that it underwent in early medieval China. The po?adha/zhai in China eventually evolved into a religious feast centred on lay-monastic interaction in association with a variety of ritual elements, especially repentance rites. (shrink)

At present, there are so many learners in online classroom that teachers cannot master the learning situation of each student comprehensively and in real time. Therefore, this paper first constructs a multimodal emotion recognition model based on CNN-BiGRU. Through the feature extraction of video and voice information, combined with temporal attention mechanism, the attention distribution of each modal information at different times is calculated in real time. In addition, based on the recognition of learners’ emotions, a prediction model of learners’ (...) achievement based on emotional state assessment is proposed. C4.5 algorithm is used to predict students’ academic achievement in the multi-polarized emotional state, and the relationship between confusion and academic achievement is further explored. The experimental results show that the proposed multi-scale self-attention layer and multi-modal fusion layer can improve the achievement of ER task; moreover, there is a strong correlation between students’ confusion and foreign language achievement. Finally, the model can accurately and continuously observe students’ learning emotion and state, which provides a new idea for the reform of education modernization. (shrink)

The use of e-commerce has exploded due to the impact of COVID-19. People with no experience in e-commerce prior to the COVID-19 pandemic began online shopping for their safety following the pandemic outbreak. As such, these newly joined customers have played a vital role in the rapid development of e-commerce. Maintaining these customers and increasing their repurchase intention is a core issue for e-commerce platform companies. Thus, using new e-commerce users as the participants, this study investigated the structural relationship between (...) brand experience, brand emotional factors, brand loyalty, and repurchase intention with brand love as the mediator. Research on the multidimensional brand experience from Chinese customers’ perspective is still lacking, and our study attempts to fill this gap. A structured questionnaire and hypotheses were designed based on studies and survey of 310 respondents from China in this study. The study results show that, first, the four dimensions of brand experience have a significant positive correlation with brand emotion, with brand cognitive experience having the greatest impact on consumer brand emotion. Second, the influence of brand emotion on brand loyalty is positive and significant, and brand attachment has a stronger influence than brand love on brand loyalty. In addition, brand loyalty has a positive effect on repurchase intention. Finally, brand love plays a mediating role on the relationship between brand attachment and brand loyalty. To enhance customers’ brand attachment and love for e-commerce platforms, companies must enhance customers’ interest and curiosity in their products. And companies will improve their services to customers by introducing artificial intelligence algorithms to increase customers’ repurchase intention, which will ultimately increasing their profitability. This study contributes to the development of e-commerce platform companies. (shrink)

We apply a familiar distinction from philosophy of language to a class of material artifacts that are sometimes said to “speak”: statues. By distinguishing how statues speak at the locutionary level versus at the illocutionary level, or what they say versus what they do, we obtain the resource for addressing two topics. First, we can explain what makes statues distinct from street art. Second, we can explain why it is mistaken to criticize—or to defend—the continuing presence of statues based only (...) on what they represent. Both explanations are driven by the same core idea: the significance of statues arises primarily from what they do, and not what they say. (shrink)

Plausible principles on truth seem to yield contradictory conclusions about paradoxical sentences such as the Strengthened Liar. Those who take the contextualist approach, such as Parsons and Burge, attempt to justify the seemingly contradictory conclusions by arguing that the natural reasoning that leads to them involves some kind of contextual shift that makes them compatible. This paper argues that one cannot take this approach to give a proper treatment of infinite descending chains of semantic attributions. It also examines a related (...) approach taken by Gaifman and argues that it has the same problem. (shrink)

Superlative modifiers (SMs) are known to demonstrate an ambiguity between an epistemic reading (EPI) conveying speaker ignorance and a concessive reading (CON) conveying speaker concession. Such EPI-CON ambiguity has often been taken, implicitly or explicitly, to be a lexical coincidence. While there may be some justification for such a position when a single language is considered, we argue for an intrinsic connection between the two readings based on cross-linguistic considerations. This paper focuses on English _at least_ and Mandarin _zhi-shao_ as (...) representative of superlative modifiers across a wide range of languages to propose a unified account of the two readings. The proposal builds on Biezma (2013) in relying on the role of focus and scalarity in developing a unified semantics for the two readings, but differs in capitalizing on the fact that cross-linguistically superlative modifiers use the same morphological formants as quantity superlatives. It also follows Biezma (2013) in taking pragmatic factors as crucial in deriving the variation between EPI and CON readings. Elaborating on her account, it offers a more nuanced picture of the ways in which EPI is sensitive to the question of informativity while CON relates to issues of evaluativity. The paper shows how the proposed semantics and pragmatics account for several well-known properties of superlative modifiers. It ends by noting several open issues in the literature on this topic that the current proposal sheds new light on. (shrink)

This study examines whether human gaze lacking the confounding factor of eye whites can be processed unconsciously and explores the critical aspects for such process. Utilizing the continuous flash suppression paradigm, a schematic face—with direct or averted gaze, and with neutral, fearful or happy expressions—was presented to one eye while dynamic masks rendered it invisible to the other eye. Schematic faces were used to avoid unwanted influence from salient eye whites. Participants’ detection time of anything other than the masks was (...) used as an index of unconscious processing time. Faster detection was found for faces with direct gaze than those with averted gaze. However, there was no difference between detection times for different facial expressions and upright-face, inverted-face, and eyes-only conditions . These results confirm that, with schematic faces, gaze can be processed unconsciously regardless of facial expression, and eyes alone are sufficient for such process. (shrink)

Contemporary accounts of logic and language cannot give proper treatments of plural constructions of natural languages. They assume that plural constructions are redundant devices used to abbreviate singular constructions. This paper and its sequel, "The logic and meaning of plurals, II", aim to develop an account of logic and language that acknowledges limitations of singular constructions and recognizes plural constructions as their peers. To do so, the papers present natural accounts of the logic and meaning of plural constructions that result (...) from the view that plural constructions are, by and large, devices for talking about many things (as such). The account of logic presented in the papers surpasses contemporary Fregean accounts in its scope. This extension of the scope of logic results from extending the range of languages that logic can directly relate to. Underlying the view of language that makes room for this is a perspective on reality that locates in the world what plural constructions can relate to. The papers suggest that reflections on plural constructions point to a broader framework for understanding logic, language, and reality that can replace the contemporary Fregean framework as this has replaced its Aristotelian ancestor. (shrink)

Conventional wisdom suggests that aesthetic experiences - those moments when the senses come to life - are important only after more basic needs have been met. In this inspiring wealth of provocative ideas, Yi-Fu Tuan demonstrates that feeling and beauty are essential parts of life and society. The aesthetic is shown to be not merely one aspect of culture but its central core - both its driving force and its ultimate goal. Beginning with the individual and the physical world, the (...) author's exploration progresses from the simple to the complex. Tuan starts by examining the building blocks of aesthetic experience - sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste - and gradually expands his analysis to include the most elaborate of human constructs, including art, architecture, literature, philosophy, music, and landscape. This leads him to the realm of politics, where he grapples with the fundamental question of the relationship between goodness and beauty, and of how the aesthetic can become a moral force within society. To guide the reader along this journey, the author describes how the aesthetic operates in four widely disparate cultures: Australian aboriginal, Chinese, medieval European, and modern American. Yi-Fu Tuan, one of our most influential and original thinkers, brilliantly conveys the profound fascination of multisensory reality, and in so doing enables us to make connections among even the most diffuse elements of our lives. While Tuan does not ignore human folly, Passing Strange and Wonderful is a celebration of the world around us, our experiences, and our creations. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:A View of Life:Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, and the NovelYi-Ping OngI"My general task," Nietzsche scrawled, in the margins of his own copy of Cervantes's Don Quixote: "to show how life philosophy and art can have a deeper and affinitive relationship with each other."1 This enigmatic inscription commands a second reading not only because it seems to articulate the thread that links many of Nietzsche's philosophical projects together, but also because of (...) the very book in which it appears. The book is not a lofty tome of Schopenhauer's philosophy, as might be expected, but a mere novel: a fact which suggests that the novel itself was the art form that precipitated reflection on the relation of art to what Nietzsche calls here "life philosophy." In this essay, my aim is to deepen critical understanding of the novel's influence on Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, the two philosophers who are widely considered the fathers of existentialism. By means of a comprehensive overview of the novelistic reading and writing of these thinkers, I will show that both Nietzsche and Kierkegaard were profoundly influenced by the literary form of the novel and by its techniques for representing consciousness, subjectivity, and worldview.My focus in the analysis that follows is on the question of why Nietzsche and Kierkegaard read novels, and not on the more specific question of what they gained from particular novels. Isolating form from theme has three main advantages. First, it elucidates an important aspect of the intellectual context for these philosophers that has received little scholarly attention, namely the issue of why Nietzsche and Kierkegaard were drawn to fictional novelistic prose and how this literary form [End Page 167] affected their philosophy. Second, it allows the "deeper... affinitive" relationship between existentialist philosophy and the novel form to emerge, revealing the way in which existentialism and realism in the novel share a distinctive stylistic approach to the understanding of lived experience. Finally, it illuminates an intellectual precedent for the work of later existentialist thinkers such as Heidegger, Sartre, Beauvoir, and Camus, who drew increasingly on novelistic forms as both vehicle and inspiration for their philosophy.There are no previous studies devoted entirely to the novels read by Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, despite the fact that Nietzsche lists Stendhal and Dostoevsky as two of the greatest influences upon his thinking and that Kierkegaard's first published work is the review of a novel. Why did Nietzsche read the works not only of "philosophical" novelists like Stendhal, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy, but also of Eliot, Twain, Sterne, and Flaubert? Why did Kierkegaard's interest in the "life-view" of the individual crystallize through his reflections on Hans Christian Andersen's novel Only a Fiddler? How did both of these existentialist thinkers link the task of connecting life and philosophy with their reading of novels, and how is their reading of novels related to their attempt to write philosophy in novel and increasingly novelistic ways?These questions lead us to address anew the issue of how philosophy and literature are related in a way that is not simply thematic or allegorical. Furthermore, they ask us to take into account the importance of the novel to thinkers whose work has primarily been studied in the context of other "serious" philosophical texts, despite the stylistic and formal affinity of their work to the novels they read. As Thomas Brobjer points out in his recently published work on Nietzsche's reading habits and intellectual sources, Nietzsche's Philosophical Context: An Intellectual Biography (2008), none of the standard works on Nietzsche comment on his reading or library despite the fact that his private library has been more or less preserved in its entirety.2 Brobjer's work is the only large-scale study of Nietzsche's reading to date; however, it limits itself to "the philosophical influences on Nietzsche," even as it acknowledges that he "often was influenced by some who cannot conventionally be regarded as philosophers: by authors and literary critics" (NPC, p. 3). Although Brobjer mentions several of these authors and critics, even noting some of the marginalia found in these texts, he places them largely in the context of influences upon Nietzsche... (shrink)

In this sequel to "The logic and meaning of plurals. Part I", I continue to present an account of logic and language that acknowledges limitations of singular constructions of natural languages and recognizes plural constructions as their peers. To this end, I present a non-reductive account of plural constructions that results from the conception of plurals as devices for talking about the many. In this paper, I give an informal semantics of plurals, formulate a formal characterization of truth for the (...) regimented languages that results from augmenting elementary languages with refinements of basic plural constructions of natural languages, and account for the logic of plural constructions by characterizing the logic of those regimented languages. (shrink)

This research examines the impact of an online platform’s revenue model on consumers’ ethical inferences of the company. We demonstrate that consumers perceive online platforms that employ the advertising-based revenue model to be less ethical than platforms that employ the service-fee-based revenue model because platforms that adopt the advertising-based revenue model are thought to be less consumer-serving motivated. The unfavorable ethical inferences induced by the advertising-based revenue model further lower consumers’ intention to disclose personal information and the intention to generate (...) positive word of mouth for the company. We further find that allowing consumers to skip advertisements does not improve the less favorable ethical inferences while using resources for public-service advertisements does. These findings advance the understanding of consumers’ ethical inferences regarding business models and provide insights for managers to develop effective strategies to alleviate less favorable ethical inferences. (shrink)

The ever-debated question of triage and allocating the life-saving ventilator during the COVID-19 pandemic has been repeatedly raised and challenged within the ethical community after shortages propelled doctors before life and death decisions. The British Medical Association’s ethical guidance highlighted the possibility of an initial surge of patients that would outstrip the health system’s ability to deliver care “to existing standards,” where utilitarian measures have to be applied, and triage decisions need to maximize “overall benefit” In these emergency circumstances, triage (...) that “grades according to their needs and the probable outcomes of intervention” will prioritize or eliminate patients for treatment, and health professionals may be faced with obligations to withhold or withdraw treatments to some patients in favour of others. This piece is a response and extension to articles published on the manner of involvement for ethics and ethicists in pandemic triage decisions, particularly examining the ability and necessity of establishing triage committees to ameliorate scarce allocation decisions for physicians. (shrink)

This essay explores the history of studies in analytical philosophy in China since the beginning of the last century, by dividing into three phases. It shows that, in these phases, analytic philosophy was always at a disadvantage in confronting serious challenges coming from both Chinese traditional philosophy and modern philosophical trends. The authors argue that Chinese philosophers have both done preliminary studies and offered their own analyses of various problems as well as some new applications of analytic philosophy especially in (...) the latest period. Meanwhile, Chinese traditional philosophy was always trying to adjust its cultural mentality in the struggle with analytic philosophy, and accommodated in its own way the rationalistic spirit and scientific method represented in analytic philosophy. (shrink)

This paper studies how the human capital embedded in rank-and-file employees affects firms’ stock price crash risk. Employing a unique setting in China where we measure human capital using employee information at the firm level, we show that human capital quality improves firms’ internal information environments, curbs bad-news hoarding and overinvestment, leading to lower stock price crash risk. The findings are robust to instrumental variable regressions. Our study highlights the internal informational role of human capital and sheds light on its (...) implications for capital markets and outside investors. Therefore, we contribute to the literature on the interaction between non-shareholding stakeholders and shareholders. (shrink)

Using Bakhtin's notion of polyphony, this study explored the discussion of the end-of-life issues in the Course on Life and Death Education in one Chinese university. Ethnographic methods were adopted to investigate the collision between the classroom voices and the voices of the mainstream culture on end-of-life in the process of developing students' attitudes toward death. The findings revealed that “to understand death” involved challenging the voice of “strangeness and fear of death”; “honestly facing up to and accepting the feelings (...) of the fear, pain, and helplessness” was the response to “be brave”; and the goal “to die peacefully” resisted the notion of “extending life at any cost.” Through the collision between these voices, students developed their attitudes toward death in facing, understanding, accepting, and choosing how to die. The analysis further revealed that providing only one “answer” to death by the teacher is not sufficient or effective to foster students' attitudes toward death because the students are a diverse group holding different views on the end-of-life issues, which demonstrated the importance of creating dialogues in the life and death education. (shrink)

Happiness, defined as a state of well-being and contentment, is a central human goal. Despite advances in customer behavior research related to value co-creation, the link between customer happiness and these behaviors remains unclear. This study therefore examines customers’ in-role participation behavior and extra-role citizenship behavior to determine their influence on customers’ happiness. Customer participation and citizenship behaviors relate positively to customers’ perceptions of both service performance and their contributions to others’ welfare. In addition, collectivism moderates the relationship between perceived (...) contributions to others’ welfare and happiness; individualism instead moderates the relationship between perceived service performance and happiness. These findings provide both managerial implications and directions for business marketing ethics. (shrink)