The significance of the study is contingent upon two criteria. All objects in the actual world that can capture a researcher’s attention are inherently complicated. Furthermore, every commodity that an individual manufactures and every work of art that an individual develops are intricate in nature. The entirety of the processes that an individual perceives and instigates are intricate. Although many professions have established techniques for constructing intricate entities, there currently exists no universally applicable concepts or methodologies for comprehensively studying, designing, (...) producing, or generating complicated items.The objective of this work is two-fold: firstly, to develop a comprehensive methodology for analysing complex synthetic processes, and secondly, to propose universal models or synthesis mechanisms that can be used to systematically derive specific process synthesis algorithms for various practical applications. The ability to utilize generalized models and synthesis techniques is highly advantageous when designing realistic computer programming.The authors introduced a comprehensive process model and enumerated its characteristics. Using this concept, techniques for creating and suggesting processes have been formulated and put forward. The concept of a decomposition diagram enables the systematic design of intricate multi-level hierarchical processes. The multitude of processes and the intricacy of their combination give rise to the notion of formulating a synthesis theory. The acquired results can be regarded as the initial stage in the construction of such a theory. The authors’ proposed methods of process synthesis enable the deductive derivation of useful algorithms for application software. Although the concept of the breakdown scheme and synthesis procedures is relatively straightforward, this advancement has been suggested for the first time.In order to further this project, it is necessary to augment the generalized process model with supplementary traits and properties, as well as to further refine the synthesis procedures. A proposal is being made to initiate the development of a theory for synthesizing a comprehensive plan using the decomposition scheme and methods of synthesis and decomposition. (shrink)

or Browse over 3500 reviews in " by Valerie Hardcastle, Ph.D. " _Metapsychology_.

To what extent should we focus on implicit bias in order to eradicate persistent social injustice? Structural prioritizers argue that we should focus less on individual minds than on unjust social structures, while equal prioritizers think that both are equally important. This article introduces the framework of transactive memory into the debate to defend the equal priority view. The transactive memory framework helps us see how structure can emerge from individual interactions as an irreducibly social product. If this is right, (...) then debiasing interventions are structural interventions. One upshot is that the utility of the individual versus structural distinction is not apparent for the purposes of intervention. (shrink)

EDITORS' INTRODUCTION Perhaps the single most broadly unifying feature of the early new archaeology was the demand that archaeologists not take the aims and ...

The first study, along with edition and translation, of Chrysostomus Javelli’s epitome of the _Liber de bona fortuna_ (1531), a work permitting insight into the early modern understanding of fortune, fate, and free will.

Intuitively, there is a difference between knowledge and mere belief. Contemporary philosophical work on the nature of this difference has focused on scenarios known as “Gettier cases.” Designed as counterexamples to the classical theory that knowledge is justified true belief, these cases feature agents who arrive at true beliefs in ways which seem reasonable or justified, while nevertheless seeming to lack knowledge. Prior empirical investigation of these cases has raised questions about whether lay people generally share philosophers’ intuitions about these (...) cases, or whether lay intuitions vary depending on individual factors (e.g. ethnicity) or factors related to specific types of Gettier cases (e.g. cases that include apparent evidence). We report an experiment on lay attributions of knowledge and justification for a wide range of Gettier Cases and for a related class of controversial cases known as Skeptical Pressure cases, which are also thought by philosophers to elicit intuitive denials of knowledge. Although participants rated true beliefs in Gettier and Skeptical Pressure cases as being justified, they were significantly less likely to attribute knowledge for these cases than for matched true belief cases. This pattern of response was consistent across different variations of Gettier cases and did not vary by ethnicity or gender, although attributions of justification were found to be positively related to measures of empathy. These findings therefore suggest that across demographic groups, laypeople share similar epistemic concepts with philosophers, recognizing a difference between knowledge and justified true belief. (shrink)

This paper highlights the decisive role played in the longer course of Aristotelian tradition by Giles’ Sententia de bona fortuna, a work that constitutes a telling example of the radical transformations imposed by Latin thinkers on the Aristotelian philosophical system. The impact of this commentary was decisive for the subsequent discussions on fortune, contingency and “divine government” - that is, the issue of how God, as the First Principle of all beings, leads them all to their ends or their ultimate (...) “good”. In so doing, the article shows that Giles’ reading of the Aristotelian treatise called Liber de bona fortuna marked the birth of a coherent ‘natural theology’ in the Latin West. (shrink)

This paper highlights the decisive role played in the longer course of Aristotelian tradition by Giles’ Sententia de bona fortuna, a work that constitutes a telling example of the radical transformations imposed by Latin thinkers on the Aristotelian philosophical system. The impact of this commentary was decisive for the subsequent discussions on fortune, contingency and “divine government” - that is, the issue of how God, as the First Principle of all beings, leads them all to their ends or their ultimate (...) “good”. In so doing, the article shows that Giles’ reading of the Aristotelian treatise called Liber de bona fortuna marked the birth of a coherent ‘natural theology’ in the Latin West. (shrink)

Social problems such as racism, sexism, and inequality are often cited as structural rather than individual in nature. What does it mean to invoke a social structural explanation, and how do such explanations relate to individualistic ones? This article explores recent philosophical debates concerning the nature and usages of social structural explanation. I distinguish between two central kinds of social structural explanation: those that are autonomous from psychology, and those that are not. This distinction will help clarify the explanatory power (...) that each type of SSE has, points of convergence with methodological traditions such as critical theory and rational choice theory, and the difficulties that each type of SSE faces. (shrink)

Scholarship on faculty and student perceptions of plagiarism is plagued by a vast, scattered constellation of perspectives, context, and nuance. Cultural, disciplinary, and institutional subtitles, among others in how plagiarism is defined and perspectives about it tested obfuscate consensus about how students and faculty perceive and understand plagiarism and what can or should be done about those perspectives. However, there is clear consensus that understanding how students and faculty perceive plagiarism is foundational to mitigating and preventing plagiarism. This study takes (...) up the challenge of investigating its own institution’s student and faculty perspectives on plagiarism by testing whether students and instructors differentiate between different kinds or genres of plagiarism, and measuring differences in their perception of seriousness or severity of those genres. Using a device modified from the ‘plagiarism spectrum’ published by Turnitin®, the researchers implemented a campus-wide survey of faculty and student perceptions, and analyzed the data using two different methodologies to ensure results triangulation. This study demonstrates both students and faculty clearly differentiate between kinds of plagiarism, but not on their severity. This study demonstrates both students and faculty clearly differentiate the severity between kinds of plagiarism, but not on the specific rank or order of their severity. Further, this study’s novel methodology is demonstrated as valuable for use by other academic institutions to investigate and understand their cultures of plagiarism. (shrink)

Résumé — Cet article étudie la manière dont Alexandre analyse le monde sensible, en ses structures constitutives et quant aux principes tenus pour être à l’origine ses opérations fondamentales que sont l’altération et le mélange. En premier lieu, il s’agit de voir quels sont les critères pour qu’un étant soit un « corps ». Ensuite, je montre les facteurs mobilisés par Alexandre pour expliquer les caractéristiques de ces corps, leur activité et leur passivité réciproques. Prenant pour point de départ la (...) définition du corps prêtée dans le De anima aux stoïciens comme matière ou composé matériel, j’essaie de dégager, pour le projet d’Alexandre lui-même, le sens de cette étrange reconstruction doxographique. Celui-ci tiendrait à l’orientation résolument « anti-matérialiste » et « anti-réductionniste » de son analyse du sensible : pour lui, ni la constitution ni l’opération des corps ne peuvent être ramenées à leurs conditions nécessaires que sont, respectivement, la matière et le contact physique. À l’exact opposé de la physique stoïcienne, l’aristotélicien développe ainsi sa théorie du sensible en référence aux principes intelligibles et incorporels donnant les véritables fondements à la cohérence du monde corporel, entendue au double sens de la polarité et de la sélectivité réglant les relations entre corps. Pour finir, j’étudie un problème particulier de cosmologie où Alexandre met en application ce programme. Je montre alors l’originalité d’un « naturalisme » qui, de fait, s’est avéré stimulant pour les néoplatoniciens dès Plotin autant qu’ensuite pour les Médiévaux en quête d’une philosophie satisfaisant aux exigences implicitement posées à l’enquête rationnelle par les religions révélées. Et ce serait, en somme, parce que les corps d’Alexandre sont déjà plus que des corps et parce que la physis aristotélicienne devient avec lui plus qu’une pure « nature », que sa physique a pu devenir la référence obligée des penseurs ultérieurs, à qui elle a fourni le cadre de ce qu’on pourrait appeler une approche méta-physique du monde sensible.Corps, matière et contact.— This paper addresses Alexander’s theory of the sensible world, and of the most important sorts of change within it, such as alteration and blending. First, I overview the minimal requirements for an item to be considered a « body » according to Alexander. Then, I determine which factors explain the physical characteristics of the bodies and their mutual interactions . I also examine why Alexander does not find the Stoic account of material bodies to be satisfactory and, I consider Alexander’s strange construal of the Stoic body as a « stuff » composed either of matter, or of matter and qualities. The solution to these questions lies in the « anti-materialist » and « anti-reductionist » orientation of Alexander’s physics : according to him, neither the constitution nor operation of bodies can be reduced to their minimal and necessary conditions . Thus, his position is the exact opposite of the Stoic view : the essence of bodies and their changes can only be understood by reference to the incorporeal and intelligible principles that ultimately form the very factors responsible for the specific « coherence » of the sensible world . Finally, I will examine a specific problem Alexander solves by emphasizing the non-corporeal causes of the natural world. And I will show that his position leads him to a special type of « naturalism », which was particularly exciting for the Neoplatonists and, later, highly consonant with the medieval approaches to accounting for the causes of sensible things. Because bodies are, for Alexander, more than mere bodies, his physics becomes not only the common point of reference for Plotinus and his followers in Late Antiquity and Middle Ages, but also an important point of departure for what we might call a metaphysical approach to the sensible world. (shrink)

Dans son Traité 29, « Sur la vision », Plotin aborde à ce propos une difficulté consistant à savoir quelle part y joue le « milieu » séparant l’objet senti de l’organe. Cette question occupe les quatre premiers chapitres du traité : afin d’y préciser le rôle du milieu dans la perception visuelle, Plotin en admet provi­soirement la nécessité, dressant au premier chapitre la liste des possibilités théo­riques envisageables à partir de cette hypothèse de travail. Afin de mieux voir les (...) étapes et les enjeux de cette argumentation dense, elliptique et à peine effleurée par les études sur la question, je l’analyse ici à la lumière de textes antérieurs por­tant sur les modalités de la sensation comme telle et sur le problème, plus géné­ral, de la transmission d’une affection à travers un milieu donné. Ces questions, abordées avant Plotin dans des cadres divers et à partir de problématiques va­riant d’un auteur à l’autre (Platon, Aristote et ses successeurs dans le Lycée, Chrysippe de Soles, Plutarque de Chéronée, Pline l’Ancien, Galien de Pergame), ont été retravaillées par Alexandre d’Aphrodise à propos d’un thème précis, pour donner lieu à un modèle original de transmission dont j’aimerais montrer qu’il est d’un apport décisif dans le Traité 29, puisqu’il donne à Plotin l’instru­ment indispensable pour, en l’approfondissant afin de mieux le dépasser, élabo­rer par là sa propre théorie de la vision, solidaire d’un processus de désaffection du milieu perceptif amorcé avant lui. (shrink)

In this contribution, I analyze a text by Oresme which gives a rather original explanation of the process of throwing a javelin and, more generally, of the actions of people who seem to have a kind of natural ability to succeed in their actions (De Configurationibus II, 37). In highlighting some sources that appear to have been present on the author’s mind although they were hitherto neglected in Oresmian studies, I would like to show that his presentation of this specific (...) kind of motion is deeply rooted in the scholastic theological tradition and that this tradition makes this chapter seem much less strange than it might seem at first glance. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie Jahrgang: 101 Heft: 3 Seiten: 345-375.

Legal systems in the Western world currently regard animals as property. This status implies that they are not subjects of rights. None of the recent legal measures aimed at protecting animals have conferred on them the legal status of person, which is arguably a necessary condition to benefit from the most fundamental individual rights. In this chapter, we argue that the type of control of animals that is based on property rights and domination is ethically unacceptable. We also argue that (...) extending personhood and its corresponding rights to all sentient beings is the best way to ensure that they are not made to suffer unnecessarily and that they are protected from domination. While there may exist morally legitimate occurrences of human control over other animals, justice requires that we abolish all forms of their exploitation. (shrink)

The data discussed strongly suggest that neural imaging does not unduly sway judges and jurors; in fact, it is often counterproductive. The percentage of appellate cases in which the decision was favorable to defendants with brain scan data mirrored those of decisions without such proffered evidence. Moreover, fully two-thirds of the scans admitted were either inconclusive or showed normal brain structures. In decisions referencing brain scans, judges mentioned defendant behavior significantly more often than they referred to the defendant’s brain. Finally, (...) in the actual decisions themselves, judges often ignored relevant imaging data in favor of case precedent or misinterpreted the data so that they would fit with the judges’ initial reactions and opinions. (shrink)

Platonism, Ficino to Foucault explores some key chapters in the history Platonic philosophy from the revival of Plato in the fifteenth century to the new reading of Platonic dialogues promoted by the so-called ‘Critique of Modernity’.

It is commonly accepted that what we ought to do collectively does not imply anything about what each of us ought to do individually. According to this line of reasoning, if cooperating will make no difference to an outcome, then you are not morally required to do it. And if cooperating will be personally costly to you as well, this is an even stronger reason to not do it. However, this reasoning results in a self-defeating, yet entirely predictable outcome. If (...) everyone is rational, no one will cooperate, resulting in an aggregate outcome that is devastating for everyone. This dismal analysis explains why climate change and other collective action problems are so difficult to ameliorate. The goal of this paper is to provide a different, exploratory framework for thinking about individual reasons for action in collective action problems. I argue that the concept of commitment gives us a new perspective on collective action problems. Once we take the structure of commitment into account, this activates requirements of diachronic rationality that give individuals instrumental reasons to cooperate in collective action problems. (shrink)

As of this writing, twenty‐one states have passed laws barring transgender youth‐athletes from competing on public‐school sports teams in accordance with their gender identity. Proponents of these regulations claim that transgender females in particular have inherent physiological advantages that threaten a “level playing field” for their cisgender competitors. Existing evidence is limited but does not support these restrictions. Gathering more robust data will require allowing transgender youth to compete (rather than preemptively barring them), but even if trans females are shown (...) to retain some advantage, this would not have greater moral significance than the many other “fair” physical and economic advantages found across sports. These regulations deprive transgender youth, an exceptionally vulnerable population, from the vast physical, mental, and social benefits of sports. While we advocate for transgender inclusion under our current, gender‐segregated model of sport, we propose changes to the overarching structure that would promote a more inclusive and fairer athletic environment. (shrink)

У статті досліджений механізм управління та визначено напрямки державного регулювання трансакційних витрат, які полягають в: а) узагальненні сукупності програмних заходів; б) визначенні мети та операційних цілей формування структури системи управління трансакційними витратами; в) покращенні нормативно-правового забезпечення домінантних напрямів мінімізації трансакційних витрат; г) зниженні рівня витрат переходу прав власності та витрат подолання інформаційної непрозорості; д) зміцненні інфраструктурного забезпечення державної політики зменшення трансакційних витрат. Згруповано фактори, що впливають на формування трансакційних витрат, розглянуто складові Індексу економічної свободи та динаміку індикаторів трансакційних витрат в (...) Україні за 2005-2016 рр. від Heritage Foundation. Зроблено порівняння України в рейтингу Doing Business за 2016-2015 роки. Наголошено на головній ролі інституціонального забезпечення при веденні раціональної державної політики трансакційних витрат. (shrink)

Scott Bukatman _Matters of Gravity: Special Effects and Supermen in the 20th Century_ Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2003 ISBN 0-82323-3119-5 279 pp.

Розглянуто ідеї П’єра Тейяра де Шардена, Анрі де Любака, Іва Конгара, Ганса Кюнга та Карла Ранера у контексті їхнього впливу на зміст документів Другого Ватиканського Собору. Зосереджено увагу на причинах, що спонукали до пошуків нових шляхів розвитку католицької церкви за межами церковної спільноти. Розгляд ідей зазначених філософів здійснено так, щоб зрозуміти, які саме з них заклали підвалини “революції” у теологічних поглядах католицизму. На основі аналізу думок мислителів, проведено їхнє порівняння зі змістом деяких документів, прийнятих на Другому Ватиканському Соборі. Доведено, що (...) ідеї, котрі виникли у філософських та наукових колах у першій половині ХХ століття, стали передумовою для оновлення парадигми діяльності католицької церкви. Ключові слова: Другий Ватиканський Собор, католицька церква, парадигма, філософія, теологія. (shrink)

Sugar, pork, beer, corn, cider, scrapple, and hoppin' John all became staples in the diet of colonial America. The ways Americans cultivated and prepared food and the values they attributed to it played an important role in shaping the identity of the newborn nation. In A Revolution in Eating, James E. McWilliams presents a colorful and spirited tour of culinary attitudes, tastes, and techniques throughout colonial America. Confronted by strange new animals, plants, and landscapes, settlers in the colonies and West (...) Indies found new ways to produce food. Integrating their British and European tastes with the demands and bounty of the rugged American environment, early Americans developed a range of regional cuisines. From the kitchen tables of typical Puritan families to Iroquois longhouses in the backcountry and slave kitchens on southern plantations, McWilliams portrays the grand variety and inventiveness that characterized colonial cuisine. As colonial America grew, so did its palate, as interactions among European settlers, Native Americans, and African slaves created new dishes and attitudes about food. McWilliams considers how Indian corn, once thought by the colonists as "fit for swine," became a fixture in the colonial diet. He also examines the ways in which African slaves influenced West Indian and American southern cuisine. While a mania for all things British was a unifying feature of eighteenth-century cuisine, the colonies discovered a national beverage in domestically brewed beer, which came to symbolize solidarity and loyalty to the patriotic cause in the Revolutionary era. The beer and alcohol industry also instigated unprecedented trade among the colonies and further integrated colonial habits and tastes. Victory in the American Revolution initiated a "culinary declaration of independence," prompting the antimonarchical habits of simplicity, frugality, and frontier ruggedness to define American cuisine. McWilliams demonstrates that this was a shift not so much in new ingredients or cooking methods, as in the way Americans imbued food and cuisine with values that continue to shape American attitudes to this day. (shrink)

Qu’elle soit promesse d’intelligibilité ou même ce qui fait qu’une chose est ce qu’elle est, une forme nous garantit stabilité, nous permet de nous repérer dans le flux du devenir. Principe ou support de notre connaissance, constante, elle nous permet d’accéder à l’éternité. Les formes spécifiques en zoologie ou en botanique ne font pas excep­tion, et Lamarck le premier a relevé le paradoxe qu’il y a à parler d’espèce lorsque l’on se place dans un cadre transformiste ou, dans notre cadre (...) inte... (shrink)

Just war thinking serves a social and psychological role that international law cannot fill. Law is dispassionate and objective, while just war thinking accounts for emotions and the situatedness of individuals. While law works on us externally, making us accountable to certain people and institutions, just war thinking affects us internally, making us accountable to ourselves. Psychologically, an external focus leads to feelings of shame, while an inward focus generates feelings of guilt. Philosophers have long recognized the importance of these (...) two moral emotions. Recently, psychologists have found that feelings of guilt are linked to positive social outcomes, such as the desire for reconciliation and reparation, while shame generates anger and hostility. Just war thinking, as an inward-looking tradition, has a special relationship with guilt. By focusing on moral emotions, just war thinking can move beyond the law in four ways, by developing an ethic of accountability, by providing a foundation for addressing moral injury, by providing a common language for discussing the costs of war, and for identifying ethical problems in radically new contexts. (shrink)

(2014). Tin Men: Ethics, Cybernetics and the Importance of Soul. Journal of Military Ethics: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 3-19. doi: 10.1080/15027570.2014.908011.

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the study of the issue of introducing innovations into educational activities on the basis of foreign and domestic experience of postmodern education. The essence of the problem of introducing innovative technologies in the system of postmodern education in the countries of the world and in Ukraine is revealed. The role of the teacher's professional competence in the application of innovative techniques for organizing the educational process was emphasized. The essential features of postmodern tendencies (...) in foreign and domestic education and teaching practice are combined. In the context of professional postmodern education and to optimize innovative teaching with postmodern tendencies, pedagogical recommendations were submitted on the new conditions and requirements of innovative teaching. The goals of the article, as well as its scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance for postmodern or innovative pedagogy are determined. It is substantiated that the development of innovative technologies in the field of training future specialists is carried out on the basis of a postmodern approach to the analysis of vocational education, which was integrated by means of personality-oriented, activity-based, professional-creative and psychological-pedagogical approaches at the systemic universal level. Considered professional requirements for educators-innovators. (shrink)

This paper argues that some widely used laws of implication are false, and arguments based upon them invalid. These laws are Exportation, Commutation, (as well as various restricted forms of these), Exported Syllogism and Disjunctive Syllogism. All these laws are false for the same reason – that they license the suppression or replacement in some position of some class of propositions which cannot legitimately be suppressed or replaced. These laws fail to preserve the property of sufficiency of premiss set for (...) conclusion. They are false, and can be seen to be false, independently of their respon- sibility for the paradoxes. Hence the main ‘independent’ argument for the paradoxes – that they follow from an allegedly immaculate set of laws – is undermined. Counterexamples to all these laws are produced. (shrink)

How should you live? Should you devote yourself to perfecting a single talent or try to live a balanced life? Should you lighten up and have more fun, or buckle down and try to achieve greatness? Should you try to be a better friend? Should you be self-critical or self-accepting? And how should you decide among the possibilities open to you? Should you consult experts, listen to your parents, or should you do lots of research? Should you make lists of (...) pros and cons, or go with your gut? These are not questions that can be answered in general or in the abstract. Rather, these questions are addressed to the first person point of view, to the perspective each of us occupies when we reflect on how to live without knowing exactly what we're aiming for. To answer them, this book focuses on the process of living one's life from the inside, rather than on defining goals from the outside. Drawing on traditional philosophical sources as well as literature and recent work in social psychology, this book argues that to live well, we need to develop reflective wisdom: to care about things that will sustain us and give us good experiences, to have perspective on our successes and failures, and to be moderately self-aware and cautiously optimistic about human nature. Further, we need to know when to think about our values, character, and choices, and when not to. A crucial part of wisdom, the book maintains, is being able to shift perspectives: to be self-critical; to be realistic; to examine life when reflection is appropriate, but not when we should lose ourselves in experience. (shrink)