Phenomenology

Western philosophical orthodoxy places many aspects of other people's lives outside the scope of our knowledge. Demonstrating an alternative to this view, however, this book argues that Jean-Paul Sartre's application of his unique psychoanalytic method to Gustave Flaubert is the culmination of his project to show that it is possible to know everything there is to know about another person. It examines how Sartre aims to revolutionize our way of thinking about others by presenting his existential psychoanalysis as the means (...) to knowledge of both ourselves and others. By so doing, it highlights how his determination to solve the longstanding philosophical conundrum about other minds drives him not only to incorporate insights from Descartes, Hegel, Husserl, Freud, Marx, and Beauvoir into his philosophy, but also to supplement and enhance his philosophy through the development and application of a new form of psychoanalysis. -/- Sartre's Existential Psychoanalysis integrates, for the first time, Sartre's psychoanalysis into his overarching philosophical project. By offering a critical interrogation of the role his psychoanalytical studies played in the development of his existentialism, Mary Edwards uncovers the overlooked philosophical significance of his existential psychoanalysis and brings it into a new and productive dialogue with current research in the fields of philosophy, psychology, and psychotherapy. (shrink)

In this paper I will explore a phenomenology of the menstrual cycle, focusing on the cycle’s rhythm as a form of lived temporality. Drawing on the work of Henri Lefebvre and Thomas Fuchs I will outline a key connection between embodiment and rhythmic temporality more generally, before applying this analysis to the rhythm of the menstrual cycle specifically. I will consider the phenomenology of the experience of cycling through the phases of pre-ovulation, ovulation, pre-menstruation and menstruation as a pattern, or (...) specifically an embodied rhythm that constitutes a form of lived temporality. I will consider a way that the subject may potentially be alienated from this rhythm as a result of a dominant cultural narrative of “linear time”. I will argue further that this dissonance between the menstrual body and the contemporary world tends to be compounded by a lack of “menstrual literacy” in education and culture. (shrink)

The objective of the paper is a presentation and an interpretation of Władysław Stróżewski’s views on aesthetics. Built upon the foundation provided by classical metaphysics, Stróżewski’s aesthetics is simultaneously a continuation of the tradition of phenomenological interpretation of art. Stróżewski extends Roman Ingarden’s aesthetic theory by including the idea of numinous concretion, largely inspired by the works of Rudolf Otto. As a result, this new phenomenological perspective transcends the narrowly understood ‘aesthetics’ of the work of art towards the inherent dimension (...) of the sacred. Moreover, Stróżewski’s scrutiny of the aspect of art that goes beyond the aesthetic reveals an important relationship obtaining between his insights and the theological aesthetics of Hans Urs von Balthasar. Thus Stróżewski’s ideas turn out to be of significance to contemporary aesthetic and theological debates. In particular, he shows the movement of beauty from aesthetic to transcendental, and ultimately towards the sacred, where numinosum is manifested as Mystery. (shrink)

Le terme "réminiscence" dit-il ce qu'essayait de dire Platon ou pas ? Pourquoi ce mot ne peut-il pas le dire ? Alors si "anamnèse" dit ce qu'essayait de dire Platon, quelle est la différence entre les deux termes ? Pourquoi n'est-pas une simple affaire lexicale ? Pourquoi entendre Platon exige-t-il de nous que nous allions à la chose même ?

La question "Que montrent les corps ?" étonne tout en étant compréhensible. Les corps sont-ils des phénomènes au sens de la phénoménologie ? En se montrant montrent-ils en même temps autre chose en retrait qui est le fond de leur manifestation ?

La parole n'est pas entendue de manière univoque chez les Grecs mais dans la diversité de mots et de sens. C'est cette diversité qu'il s'agit de penser et pour ce , l'interpréter.

Interprétation phénoménologique de la phusis chez les philosophes grecs (des Présocratiques à Épicure) mot et concept à distinguer de ceux de nature.

The political issue of Catalan independence requires us to think about it as Europeans. Since the end of the Second World War, we have created a space for democracy in Europe. This is why the question of Catalonia concerns us. This is not an internal political conflict within the Spanish state – the conflict between Catalonia and Spain is our responsibility. Responsibility means the response we make to the political demands of our world through our understanding, as giving a response (...) is an existential way of being specific to humans. Attempting to "understand the world", a task of reflection called for by Hannah Arendt, is to be concerned about the shared world. Human rights are at stake. We will ask ourselves whether the right to self-determination can be applied to Catalans. Therefore, it is the fundamental political concepts of people, sovereignty, nation and independence on which this right is based that need to be clarified. Our phenomenological analysis will consist of untangling the knots, removing prejudices, and dismantling ideological constructions to be able to judge freely. (shrink)

Pourquoi les catalans revendiquent-ils l'indépendance de la Catalogne ? Sont-ils un peuple, une nation ? Une nation en Europe peut-elle encore établir son État ? L'auteure propose une analyse en pensant à neuf les concepts politiques pour entendre ce qui est en jeu en ce moment décisif de l'histoire européenne. Il devient alors possible de comprendre la raison pour laquelle le droit à l'autodétermination s'applique à leur cas. Il importe de distinguer nation et nationalisme. Ces Discours sont trois essais de (...) phénoménologie politique qui s'adressent aux catalans et aux européens. Ouvrir les possibles – telle est l'affaire de la philosophie. (shrink)

The Western philosophic tradition has tended to tie the question of action to that of freedom, with the relationship structured around the free will/determinism opposition. In contrast, I show that in Being and Nothingness, Sartre offers a stringent and radical critique of these approaches. I briefly outline the conceptual parameters of Sartre’s early ontology, before showing that he rejects the free will tradition because of its underlying conception of freedom and insistence that action is reflective and will-based. According to Sartre, (...) consciousness is not a sum of parts, with one aspect (will) guiding the rest. Consciousness is a differentiated whole, divided between reflective and pre-reflective levels. Will is tied to the reflective level of consciousness and so cannot be said to be foundational given that reflectivity depends upon pre-reflectivity. Instead, it is an expressive effect of consciousness’s spontaneous, pre-reflective, projection of itself towards a particular end and value. (shrink)

Jean-Luc Marion has long endeavored to broaden our view of truth. In this illuminating new book--his deepest engagement with theology to date--Marion proposes a rigorous new understanding of human and divine revelation in a deeply phenomenological key. Although today considered the central theme of theology, the concept of Revelation was almost entirely unknown to the first millennium of Christian thought. In a penetrating historical deconstruction Marion traces the development of this term to the rise of metaphysics from Aquinas through Descartes, (...) Suárez, and Kant; formalized into an epistemological framework, this understanding of Revelation has restricted philosophical and theological thinking ever since. To break free from these limits, Marion takes hints from theologians including Balthasar and Barth while mobilizing the phenomenology of givenness to provide a rigorous new understanding of revelation as a mode of uncovering. His extensive study of the Jewish and Christian Scriptures unfolds a logic of Trinitarian phenomenality, worked out in conversation with Augustine, Basil, Hegel, Schelling, and others, that ultimately transforms our very notions of being and time. The result is precisely what we have come to expect from this acclaimed philosopher: masterful historical scholarship working in tandem with daring originality. (shrink)

In this article, I argue that paintings are transformations of the perceptual world, transformations that the world itself elicits but does not determine, thus undercutting the subjective-objective divide in art. First, I describe Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s notion of institution, according to which sense develops only by changing, that is, by being taken up and coherently deformed. Next, I use this notion to argue that paintings develop the perceptual sense of the world by coherently deforming it. In other words, paintings are transformations (...) of the perceptual world that are called for by the world itself. To make my case, I analyze Susan Rothenberg’s painting Three Heads, a work that develops and furthers the perceptual sense of horses only by taking it up and changing it. Finally, I suggest that this view of painting motivates an interactive ontology according to which things are not self-contained but interactive, fundamentally opening onto things beyond themselves. (shrink)

In Rita Charon's account of narrative medicine, empathy seems to be an essential element of the clinical relationship. However, empathy has not received much attention, which I believe is problematic. First, I show that not only is there no clear definition of what empathy is, but that this conceptual gap creates ambiguity about its role in the practice of narrative medicine. Second, I argue that certain passages in Charon's work seem to implicitly characterize empathy as a combination of cognitive empathy, (...) affective empathy, and sympathy, and that its inclusion in the practice of narrative medicine can be problematic. Third, following Dan Zahavi, I argue that a phenomenological account of empathy not only seems most compatible with the practices, values, and theoretical framework of narrative medicine, but is also capable of resolving the problems posed by alternative definitions of empathy and the ambiguity about the role of empathy in narrative medicine. (shrink)

In this article, I aim to cast light on the genetic analyses of the apperception of the other that the phenomenologist Marc Richir develops in his late masterwork Phénoménologie en esquisses (2000). My reading hypothesis is that these analyses consist in the original contribution that Richir makes to the standard phenomenological account of empathy from within his overall project of a non-standard revision/refoundation of the Husserlian genetic phenomenology. To test this hypothesis, I trace Richir’s reinterpretation of two texts from Husserl’s (...) so-called phenomenology of intersubjectivity (Hua XIII, 10 and 13), in which Husserl interweaves together the questions of the I’s implication in phantasy and of the apprehension of the other’s living body by presentification. As my examination develops, I show that Richir finds in these texts the phenomenological attestation of the nomadic and presubjective phantasia that, on his reading, Husserl had discovered in his earlier 1904–05 lectures on phantasy. (shrink)

Niiles-Mäki, Anne Logotherapy as philosophical therapy - philosophical background, area of applicability, applied methods, Two-Staged Separation Diagnostics of disorders Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2021, 267 p. (JYU Dissertations ISSN 2489-9003; 432) ISBN 978-951-39-8863-0 (PDF) -/- This Dissertation belongs to the field of Philosophy. It deals with Logotherapy, a philosophical therapy form; its philosophical background, field of use, methods and diagnostics. Because of its nature as studying therapy, it belongs also in the field of human sciences and is a qualitative research. (...) As research approach, I have selected in philosophical research commonly used phenomenological-hermeneutic research approach and as for method, I chose content analysis method, which is necessary, in particular because one of the main aims in this study is to show how and why Logotherapy differs from the philosophical basis due to therapy forms that have emerged from the basis of Psychiatry and Psychology. Logotherapy also differs from other philosophical therapies because Logotherapy is based on Logotheory or Logophilosophy, which is a specific Existential-phenomenological theory, that has developed only to be applied in Logotherapy. This is why the content analysis of Logotherapy is a major part of studying Logotherapy. Logotherapy – unlike Psychotherapy – is focused on the Noological dimension of the consciousness, which is healthy by its principles. Psychotherapy doesn’t recognize the Noological dimension on the consciousness, but focuses on the disorders, that originate from the Psychic dimension of the consciousness. But the disorders in Noological and in Psychic dimension are different as their quality and not to be put together as mental disorders. -/- As research material, I have used the writings of Viktor Frankl, who developed Logotherapy, and the studies and theories concerning Logotherapy, that have been relevant to this study. I have also used the statistics and studies involving mental health, that have had interesting content and results related to Logotherapy. In this Dissertation, I also had to use the writings of the philosophers, psychiatrists and psychotherapists that influenced Viktor Frankl’s thinking and the writings of the philosophers, psychiatrists and psychotherapists that were relevant in studying and understanding the subject. This Dissertation is divided to 13 main chapters, from which the first six (1-6) deal with the basic assumptions and basic logotheoretic principles of the study, starting with methodology and studying process. Chapters 7-10 deal with the philosophical basis of Logotherapy, its field of use and applications. Chapters 11-12 present, among others, the Logotheoretic theory of consciousness and the Two-Staged Separation Diagnostics of disorders. Chapter 13 is focused on evaluation of the study and taking a stand towards new kind of logotherapeutic applications. Attachment “Exercise matrix for using in therapy process” is from A. Stropko. Exercise matrix has been modified and translated into Finnish. -/- Keywords: Viktor Frankl, Logotherapy, Logophilosophy, consciousness, Noological dimension of consciousness, Logotheoretic theory of consciousness, purpose, values, Existential Vacuum, Existential Analysis, worldview, Two-Staged Separation Diagnostics of disorders, medicalization. (shrink)

Le devenir-autre de l'existence est une étude phénoménologique à la fois systématique et historique. En prenant pour fil conducteur un problème systématique, celui de l'événementialité de l'apparaître et de la subjectivité, elle confronte cinq représentants majeurs de la phénoménologie contemporaine française : Maldiney, Romano, Marion, Barbaras et Richir. L'étude entre dans la phénoménologie avec Husserl avant de présenter plusieurs concepts-clés forgés par les deux générations de philosophes qui jalonnent la voie menant à la phénoménologie contemporaine (Heidegger, Sartre, Straus, Merleau-Ponty, Patocka, (...) Lévinas). Puis elle se focalise sur la phénoménologie de l'événement de Maldiney et de Romano qui envisagent l'existant et le monde dans leur coappartenance : l'événement est considéré avant tout comme co-naissance du sujet et du monde. Or, puisque l'existence qui devient-autre est nécessairement une existence finie radicalement séparée de la transcendance métaphysique du monde, on est conduit à intégrer à la discussion trois autres philosophes : d'abord Marion dont l'adonné est conçu comme limite de la donation, puis Barbaras et Richir qui thématisent la subjectivité au sein d'une métaphysique"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

"Cet ouvrage collectif présente le dialogue entre de jeunes chercheurs en phénoménologie et Alexander Schnell, phénoménologue contemporain ; à partir de son ouvrage paru en 2020, Le Clignotement de l'être. Il défend la vivacité de la phénoménologie transcendantale aujourd'hui, en tant que méthode philosophique qui interroge les secrets de la subjectivité et son rapport à la réalité, au fil conducteur des concepts d'intentionnalité, de réduction, de générativité, d'absolu, et d'histoire. La question directrice qui rassemble les contributions réunies ici est la (...) suivante : quand le phénoménologue effectue la réduction phénoménologique et fait l'expérience du transcendantal comme tel, à quelle réalité fait-il face?"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Draws on classical and recent philosophical studies to show how religious ideas bear on the phenomenology of the body in pain.

Phenomenology has primarily been concerned with conceptual questions about knowledge and ontology. However, in recent years the rise of interest and research in applied phenomenology has seen the study of political phenomenology move to a central place in the study of phenomenology generally. The Routledge Handbook of Political Phenomenology is the first major collection on this important topic. Comprising 35 chapters by an international team of expert contributors, the Handbook is organised into six clear parts, each with its own Introduction (...) by the editors: Founders of Phenomenology Existentialist Phenomenology Phenomenology of the Social and Political World Phenomenology of Alterity Phenomenology in Debate Contemporary Developments. Full attention is given to central figures in the phenomenological movement, including Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and Levinas as well as those whose contribution to political phenomenology is more distinctive, such as Arendt, De Beauvoir and Fanon. Also included are chapters on gender, race and intersectionality, disability, and technology. Ideal for those studying phenomenology, continental philosophy and political theory, The Routledge Handbook of Political Phenomenology bridges an important gap between a major philosophical movement and contemporary political issues and concepts. (shrink)

This chapter provides an overview of how existential phenomenology has influenced qualitative research methods across a range of disciplines across the social, health, educational, and psychological sciences. It focuses specifically on how the concepts of “existential structures,” or “existentials”—such as selfhood, temporality, spatiality, affectivity, and embodiment—have been used in qualitative research. After providing a brief introduction to what qualitative research is and why philosophers should be interested in it, the chapter provides clear, straightforward examples of how qualitative researchers have used (...) existentials to analyze qualitative data and design qualitative studies. The chapter is intended to introduce philosophers to existential approaches to phenomenological qualitative research, with the aim of facilitating interdisciplinary dialogue and collaboration. (shrink)

This book presents a critical analysis of sense-making practices through an exploration of acoustic, creative, and artistic spaces. It studies how local cultures of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch are impacted by global discourses and media, such as television, popular music, digital media, and literature. The authors look at sense-making practices and spatial discourses through an interconnected discussion on thought and experience that seeks to present a multidimensional cartography of the global, the local, and the glocal, to closely analyze (...) the phenomenon of globalization. The volume is an investigation of the possibilities of alternate, sustainable modes of being and existing in a world which requires a unified, ethical, biopolitical worldview that challenges the disparity of its fragments while speculating on their synesthetic conditionality. A unique contribution, the book will be of interest to scholars and researchers of English literature, media studies, cultural studies, literary cultures, post-colonial studies, globalization studies, philosophy, critical theory, sociology, and social anthropology. (shrink)

During the last fifteen years of his life, Jean-Louis Chrétien († 2019) pursued, across several books, an exploration of “personal identity” as figured in the works of numerous authors, primarily but not exclusively belonging to the Christian tradition. Through these books’ diverse approaches to human interiority, there runs a single guiding thread: a constant reference to the biblical notion of the heart and its relationship to human embodied speech. The book that begins this project is the 2005 study of the (...) Christian interpretation of the Song of Songs, entitled _Symbolique du corps. La tradition chrétienne du Cantique des Cantiques_. My contribution here isolates and explicates a particularly fundamental aspect of the project: its poetics. While the subsequent books in Chrétien’s project explore the heights, the dissolution, and even the reversal of certain additional schemata of human interiority, the philosopher’s conviction nevertheless remains that the symbolic language of the body is available to speech and thought as a viable means for the construction of images of the inner life of the human being, and that this construction is not merely metaphorical but heuristic, changing the languages and concepts it engages. The commentators on the Song of Songs have irreversibly translated the biblical understanding of the human being, particularly as presented by the heart and the Pauline body of Christ, into the symbolic human body. And yet, if it is to be spoken accurately and fluently, this language of the symbolic body must be freely taken up anew, by each speaker. Chrétien’s genealogical investigation invitingly makes this case over and over again. (shrink)

The article explores embodied critical thinking (ECT) for engaging with the enfleshed and trans-corporeal self on an affectual and experiential level. By discussing three exemplifying affectual instances that expose the experiential level of processuality, emergence, and intercarnality, the article shows the methodological use of ECT as a fruitful approach to developing embodied ontologies and a toolkit for the experiential reflection of one's en-fleshment, as tuning into the body-environment.

Among the teachings Jesus delivers in the Gospel of Matthew following the Sermon on the Mount are important instructions concerning prayer. Just before teaching the "Our Father," Jesus speaks of the "inner room" into which one must retreat in order to pray. According to Jean-Louis Chrétien's multi-volume genealogy of "figures of interiority, and the way in which interiority becomes 'subjectivity,'" this inner room is one of two key biblical starting points for tracing the development of how we think about consciousness (...) in the West, the other being the biblical "heart" in its relation to St. Paul's "inner man." Here I focus on Chrétien's investigations of the "inner room" and other spatial topoi or schemas that Christian writers and thinkers have employed in order to figure consciousness as a space in which the human being communes intimately with God, and which later writers, both Christian and non-Christian, have overturned by vacating God, transforming this inner space of divine encounter into a profane space of solitude. I explain how Chrétien makes the surprising connection between the inner room described by Jesus and related inner spaces developed in its wake, on the one hand, and, on the other, the modern narrative techniques for portraying human consciousness employed by such master of the modern novel as Gustave Flaubert and Henry James. (shrink)